Abnormal Psychology: CH 16-E4

psychotherapy

belief that people with psychological problems can change—can learn more adaptive ways of perceiving, evaluating, and behaving

psychiatrists

treat mental disorders using biological approaches

psychologists

treat patients’ problems by examining and in some cases changing their patients’ behaviors and thought patterns.

working alliance

the outcome of psychotherapy normally depends on whether the client and therapist are successful in achieving a productive _____

therapeutic alliance

(1) a sense of working collaboratively on the problem, (2) agreement between patient and therapist about the goals and tasks of therapy, and (3) an affective bond between patient and therapist; task, bond, and goal

beck depression inventory

a self-report measure of depression severity

hamilton rating scale for depression

rating scale used by clinicians to measure the severity of a patient’s depression

regression to the mean

this reflects the statistical tendency for extreme scores (e.g., very high or very low scores) on a given measure to look less extreme at a second assessment (as occurs in a repeated-measures design).

5;10

it has been estimated that between _____ percent of clients deteriorate during treatment

boundary violations

when the therapist behaves in ways that exploit the trust of the patient or engages in behavior that is highly inappropriate

efficacy

the drug cures or relieves some target condition

randomized clinical trials (RCTs)

basic design is one of randomly assigning (e.g., by the flip of a coin) half the patients to the supposedly “active” drug and the other half to a visually identical but physiologically inactive placebo

empirically supported

efficacy studies of the outcomes of specific psychosocial treatment procedures are considered the most rigorous type of evaluation researchers have for establishing that a given therapy “works” for clients with a given diagnosis. treatments that meet this standard are often described as evidence based or _____

psychopharmacology

the use of medications to treat mental disorders

pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy

______ appears to provide rapid, reliable relief from acute distress, and _____ appears to provide broad and enduring change, with combined treatment retaining the specific benefits of each

anxiety

adding psychiatric medications does not generally improve the clinical efficacy of psychosocial treatments for _____ disorders

behavior therapy

direct and active treatment that recognizes the importance of behavior, acknowledges the role of learning, and includes thorough assessment and evaluation.

in vivo

real exposure

may be enough by itself to produce positive change

andressa begins therapy and expects that the therapy will
help her. this expectation

6 curative factors

1. constructive self-observation
2. catharsis (Gr: to purify)
3. knowledge
4. insight
5. corrective emotional experience
6. support

15

____ percent of adults in the United States receive
mental health care each year because they are experiencing a
psychological disorder

yavis

young/attractive/verbal/intelligent/successful used to be the ideal client for therapy

aversion therapy

modifying undesirable behavior by the old-fashioned method of punishment.

modeling

the client learns new skills by imitating another person, such as a parent or therapist, who performs the behavior to be acquired.

response shaping

positive reinforcement is used to establish, by gradual approximation, a response that is actively resisted or is not initially in an individual’s behavioral repertoire

token economy

resembles the outside world, where an individual is paid for his or her work in tokens (money) that can later be exchanged for desired objects and activities.

anxiety

behavioral techniques remain central to the treatment of _____ disorders

behavioral activation

the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life.

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

attempts to change a client’s maladaptive thought processes, on which maladaptive emotional responses and, thus, behavior are presumed to depend.

client-centered therapy

carl rogers; a psychological climate in which clients can feel unconditionally accepted, understood, and valued as people.

motivational interviewing (MI)

a way to help people resolve their ambivalence about change and make a commitment to treatment

gestalt therapy

means of teaching clients to recognize the bodily processes and emotions they had been blocking off from awareness.

psychodynamic therapy

uncovering repressed memories, thoughts, fears, and conflicts presumably stemming from problems in early psychosexual development

free association

an individual must say whatever comes into her or his mind regardless of how personal, painful, or seemingly irrelevant it may be.

manifest content

the dream as it appears to the dreamer

latent content

consists of the actual motives that are seeking expression but are so painful or unacceptable that they are disguised.

transference

people carry over, and unconsciously apply (or “transfer”) to their therapist, attitudes and feelings that they had in their relations with a parent or other person close to them in the past

countertransference

the therapist reacts in accord with the client’s transferred attributions rather than objectively

traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT)

based on a social-learning model and views marital satisfaction and marital distress in terms of reinforcement.

integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT)

focuses on acceptance and includes strategies that help each member of the couple come to terms with and accept some of the limitations of his or her partner.

structural family therapy

if the family context can be changed, then the individual members will have altered experiences in the family and will behave differently in accordance with the changed requirements of the new family context.

multimodal therapy

clinical practice is characterized by a relaxation of boundaries and a willingness on the part of therapists to explore differing ways of approaching clinical problems

eclectic

try to borrow and combine concepts and techniques from various schools, depending on what seems best for the individual case.

interpersonal therapy

focuses on current relationships in the patient’s life and has the goals of reducing symptoms and improving functioning.

therapist adherence

how well a therapist delivers certain type of therapy

therapist competence

how skillfully the therapist administers the therapy

the chances of the average client benefiting are significant

to summarize what is known about the effectiveness of
psychotherapy, we can say that _______

abnormal behavior is learned the same ways as normal behavior and can be unlearned.

what is the foundational belief of behavior therapy?

functional analysis

observing the frequency of behavior, the situation in which it occurs, and the reinforcement associated with it. if can’t get accurate, specific FA, then don’t do behavioral treatment

willard, whose complaint is a fear of driving

for which of the following clients is behavior therapy most
likely to be effective?

systematic desensitization

together, crystal and her therapist wrote a list of ten scenes involving crystal’s fear of public speaking. after teaching her a relaxation technique, crystal’s therapist told her to imagine herself in the least frightening of these scenes while she made herself feel relaxed. crystal was undergoing __________

logic errors

(1) perceive the world selectively as harmful while ignoring
evidence to the contrary;
(2) overgeneralize on the basis of limited examples;
(3) magnify the significance of undesirable events
(4) engage in absolutistic thinking

humanistic-experiential therapies

client centered therapy and motivational interviewing

major

____ tranqualizers = antipsychotic meds

minor

____ tranquilizers = antianxiety meds

antidepressant

most commonly prescribed psychotropic
medication

their side effects are more tolerable than those of the first-generation antidepressants.

why are SSRIs the most commonly used antidepressants
today?

BARBITUATES

seldom used today except to control seizures
or as anesthetics during electroconvulsive
therapy

BENZODIAZEPINES

most important and widely used class of antianxiety (or
anxiolytic) drugs

electroconvulsive therapy

results indicate that ____ can be an effective treatment for
patients with severe or psychotic-level depression, as well as
for some patients with mania

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

treatment in which the clinician positions a pulsed magnet over a chosen area on the patient’s scalp to create an electrical field that increases or decreases neuronal activity in the brain

rolfing

deep, painful muscle massage

more experienced clinicians have better treatment effects than less experienced ones

according to a recent meta-analysis of 40 years of data on cognitive-behavioral therapy, _________

uses training in communication skills and adaptive problem-solving to increase caring behaviors in couples

traditional behavioral couples therapy __________.

there is no solid evidence that outcomes are diminished when client and therapist are not matched

research on the impact of matching the client's race and ethnicity with the therapist's indicates that __________.

analysis of dreams

what did freud consider was the "royal road to the unconscious"?

genuineness

in person-centered therapy carl rogers stipulated that there were three necessary and sufficient conditions including empathy, acceptance, and __________

the best therapy includes a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

which of the following statements is closest to the truth?

shelly is taking a benzodiazepine to treat her anxiety. She should be concerned that __________.

dispute

the "d" in ellis's abcde model of behavioral therapy stands for:

a client's awareness of self

what is the central focus of humanistic-experiential therapy?