Chapter 4: DNA & Gene Expression - Minyeong Choi

What is DNA?

molecular script of life that is written in a four-letter chemical code that determines traits, diseases, and inheritance

What is DNA made up of?

two long chains of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a double helix

What shape is DNA?

double helix

What is each nucleotide made up of?

a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base

What is the backbone of DNA?

the sugar and phosphate form the backbone of each strand

How are the rungs of the ladder connected together?

the bases form the rungs of the twisted ladder and connect through hydrogen bonds

What are the four nitrogen bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

How do the nitrogenous bases of DNA pair?

A - T

C - G

What do the sequence of bases code?

the sequences of bases encode instructions for building proteins

How does Biotechnology use DNA’s stability and reproducibility?

for PCR, gene sequencing, and genetic engineering

What does understanding the structure of DNA allow?

it is the foundation for modern biotechnology and genetic medicine

When does DNA replication occur?

S phase of the cell cycle

What is semiconservative replication?

each new strand contains one old strand & new strand

How does the DNA double helix unwind?

What is the replication fork?

What is the leading strand?

What is the lagging strand?

What type of DNA does bacteria have?

What is DNA polymerase?

What is the Origin Recognition Complex?

What is Helicase?

What is the purpose of the template DNA?

What is the Replication bubble?

What is the replication fork?

What are topoisomerases?

What are single-strand binding proteins?

What are RNA primers?

What is primase?

What are Okazaki fragments?

What is DNA ligase?

What are histone proteins?

What are histones?

What are nucleosomes?

What is chromatin?

What are euchromatin?

What are heterochromatin?

Who discovered transformation?

When was transformation discovered?

What was the end conclusion of DNA transformation?

What is transcription?

What is mRNA?

What is a ribose phosphate backbone?

What is a codon?

What is a polypeptide?

What is an enzyme?

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?