Health Alt -> Cancer

Leukemia

_________: 32% of childhood cancers

Brain and CNS 2nd at 19%

Cancer

_______: Group of 200+ different diseases all characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. Uncontrollable growth of cells that are immature and abnormal in function w poor differentiation

T

__: Letter of TMN responsible for staging primary tumour. Higher number, larger size or more growth to nearby tissues.

1= 2cm or less

2= 2-5cm

3= 5cm or more

4= any size growing into surrounding tissue

N

_: Letter of TMN that indicates lymph node involvement. 0 = no lymph node involvement. Number increases with more cancerous lymph nodes

M

__: Letter of TMN referring to metastisis. M1= metastises

Lymphoblastic

Acute _________ Leukemia: Bone marrow produces immature lymphocyte blast cells that are non functional. 90% survival with 2-3 year maintence tx. Cancer of all lymphocyte cells

S&S: Cold, listless, irritable, febrile, anorexic, bruising wo cause, bone/joint pain

chemo and corticosteroids

Myelogenus

Acute _______ Leukemia: Myeloid cells produce too many immature WBC’s, increase in myeloblasts.

S&S similair to above but also includes painless lumps.

Tx more intense and shorter duration

5 year survival 68%

Cancer of myeloid cells

Hodgkin

______ lymphoma: Reed sternberg cells classic diagnostic marker

Cancer of B cells above diaphragm. Malignancy of lymph nodes in upper body

Painless enlargement of nodes

Tx chemo and radiation

Non-hodgkin

__________ lymphoma: B or T cells and occouring in lymph nodes anywhere. Usually widespread at Dx. S&S depends on site and involvement.

Can met to bone marrow and CNS

90% 5 year survival rate

Neuroblastoma

_________: One of the most common solid tumours in peds. Immature neuro cells deposit in adrenal glands, spine, neck.

S&S: Hard mass in abd, chest, bone pain and bruising around eyes

Chondrosarcoma

____________: Cancer of cartiledge producing cells

Ewing’s Sarcoma

____ ________: Common bone cancer in adolescents. Cancer of primitive nerve tissue or nerves that innerveate bones

Most common site long bones of extremities

Osteosarcoma

__________: Most common primary bone cancer. Aggressive. 10-20% mets.

• High Ca levels → Cancer eats bone and releases Ca into blood

Wilms Tumour

____ ______: Painless abd mass in children under 5. Kidney tumour

80%

____ of breast cancers are Invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinomas

Non-invasive carcinomas other %

Lymphedema

_______ common complication of breast cancer. Lymph accumulates in soft tissues due to removal of nodes. Elevate affected arm on pillow

Radiation

_______ skin teaching: Skin sensitive to chemicals and temperatures, high risk for skin infections, no sun exposure, SPF clothing

Dry

___ desquamination: Red, angry looking skin but not draining anything. Vit A and water based ointments.

Also called erythemaous

Wet

__ desquamination: Weeping and blisters. Avoid frequent washing of area. Non-adhesive absorbent dressing

Pain

___ in cancer: 50% of people, 80% with advanced. Tolerance is normal. Comes from cancer impinging nerve or normal tissue function

Hypercalcemia

___________: Most common life threatening complication of cancer in adults. 10-20% of adults. Routine monitoring BW

10-12= not symptomatic

Avoid diuretics and dehydration

Tumour Lysis Syndrome

______ _____ _______: Potentially life threatening problem that often occurs after first chemo when lots of cancer cells die. Metabolities released into blood.

high uric acid, potassium, and phosphate

More common in cancers highly responsive to chemo

Lots of fluids to flush out metabolite

Dx’d by lactic acid levels in BW

Pericardial Effusion

Malignant ________ _______: Fluid in pericardium. Applies squeezing pressure to heart. Tamponade → so severe heart cannot pump.

Beck’s Triad

_____ _____: For pericardial effusion. Low BP, muffled heart sounds, and distended jugular veins from blood backup

Superior

______ Vena Cava Syndrome: Obs to SVC that impairs venous return. Tumour prevents blood from going back to heart. Swelling above SVC

Spider veins