Science Test Review

What is conduction?

Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between substances.

How do particles behave during conduction?

Particles in contact with a heat source move faster, collide with nearby particles, and transfer energy from particle to particle.

What are conductors?

Materials that transfer heat well, such as metals.

What are insulators?

Materials that do not transfer heat well, such as wood.

What is convection?

Transfer of thermal energy through circulating currents in fluids (liquids and gases).

Describe the process of heating water through convection.

Bottom water is heated, hot water moves faster and rises, cooler water becomes more dense and sinks, creating a convection current.

In which states of matter does convection occur?

Convection occurs in liquids and gases only.

What is radiation?

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves without the need for contact.

Give an example of radiation.

Feeling heat from a campfire or the sun heating the Earth.

What types of energy are included in radiation?

Visible light, ultraviolet (UV) rays, and infrared (heat) rays.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion, measured in joules (J).

What is potential energy?

Stored energy, such as a ball at rest.

What is mechanical energy?

Energy of motion or position, including kinetic and potential energy.

What is thermal energy?

Energy transfer through conduction, convection, or radiation.

What is chemical energy?

Energy stored in substances, released in reactions, such as fuels like coal and gas.

What is nuclear energy?

Energy stored in the nucleus of atoms, used in power plants by splitting atoms to produce heat.

What is the largest user of energy in industries?

Transportation, which moves people and goods.

What is temperature?

Temperture is a measure of how hot or cold something is.

How does temperature affect particle movement?

Higher temperature means particles move faster, while lower temperature means particles move slower.