Unit 3 Test Review Quizlet

imperalism

broader concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.

colonialism

particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

native speakers

those who use the language learned from birth

lingua franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language

pidgin language

simplified mixture of two languages

creole language

two or more separate languages mixing and developing a more formal structure and vocabulary

time-space convergence

The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

cultural convergence

Cultures become more alike due to forces of globalization

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

linguists

scientists who study languages

language tree

"map"/tree of how languages are related

Indo-European language family

A large group of languages that might all have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago

romance languages

Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed

dialects

regional variations of a language

adages

sayings that attempt to express a truth about life

toponyms

place names

official languages

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

homogeneous

made up largely of ethnically similar people

adherents

believers in their faith

ethnic religions

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers

Universal Religion

actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds

Polythesim

belief in more than one god

Monotheism

Belief in one, single God

karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

caste system

a rigid class structure that shaped Indian society

gurdwara

Sikh place of worship

pilgrimage

a religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion

homogenization

making people of different places more alike

Acculturation

ethnic/immigrant group moves to a new area adopt the values and practices of the larger group that has received them whilst still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture

assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.

syncretism

fusion and blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait

Glocalization

the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.

natvist

a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants, similar to xenophobia in a way

social construct

ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature

slang

words used informally by a segment of the population

isoglosses

boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage

hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.

judaism

the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

Christianity

the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.

islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Glocalization

a form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market by adapting them to local cultures

cultural regions

areas where many people share an element of culture like speaking a particular language

culture

all of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a part this

cultural traits

a particular group's individual skills, customs, and ways of doing things

cultural complex

a series of interrelated traits (such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures)

culture hearth

the area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

diffuse

spread out

taboo

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Traditional culture

passing down of long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture

indigenous cultures

The beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change

globalization

increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s

popular culture

cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, western societies

global culture

A type of culture—some would say U.S. culture—that has spread across the world in the form of Hollywood films, fast-food restaurants, and popular music heard in virtually every country.
e.g. (Bollywood/Hindi Films, Japanese Animations called Anime)

cultural landscape

aka built environment, is the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values

artifacts

object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced

material culture

tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies. (experienced by the 5 senses)

mentifacts

Cultural elements expressing values and beliefs like language, religion, folklore, myths, artistic expression

nonmaterial culture

intangible concepts or those not having a physical presence.

sociofacts

ways people organize their society and relate to one another

placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

built environment

the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape

contemporary architecture

extension of postmodern use multi advances to create rotate, curve, and stretch limits of height

Postmodern Architecture

A movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

ethnic encalves

clusters of people of the same culture

culture realms

larger areas that include several cultural regions

sacred places

Many specific places and natural features have religious significance.

diaspora

when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

charter groups

the first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

ethnic islands

small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous ethnic enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context. (Amish in the U.S.A.)

sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

neolocalism

the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

culture hearth

where a religion or ethnicity began

nationality

the status of belonging to a particular nation

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

blue laws

laws that restrict certain activities, such as the sale of alcohol on sunday

fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

theocracies

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

cultural relativism

concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture

cultural appropriation

action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture

diffusion

the spread of information, ideas behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

expansion diffusion

spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration, requires a person to adopt the trait unlike relocation diffusion

Contagious Diffusion

a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

hierarachical diffusion

spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth/influence

reverse hierarchical diffusion

diffusion up a hierarchy, such as from a small town to large cities, opposite of hierarchical diffusion

stimulus diffusion

underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies/rejects one trait

Cultural Extinction

Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of the three.

Cultural Geography

Subfield of human geography that looks at how culture varies over space

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

syncretic

Traditions that borrow from both the past and present.

tradition

A cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group.

sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life; islamic law

Centriputal Force

forces that unify a group of people or a region

cultural regions

regions that are usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

cultural patterns

related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

ethnicity

membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences