5B vocabulary

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Reasons for Union Victory

Greater industrial capacity, larger population, more developed financial institutions, greater transportation and communication (supply lines), better navy and merchant marine.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Confederacy

A loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War

Union

north

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Robert Smalls

A sailor and later a Union naval captain, he was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

mobilization of resources

A necessary component of fighting a total war; all resources are poured into the war effort.

Kanas-Nebraska Act

an act that allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to vote whether slavery would be allowed when they became a state

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Mercy Otis Warren

female patriot who wrote poems to convince others to join the patriot cause

Chickasaw Wars

War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.

saultary neglect

British policy in early 1700s which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain was gaining economically

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Zambo

A term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.

Charles Finney

urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Northwest Ordinance

a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River