Studied by 0 peopleconformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; ex) when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
“us” - people with whom we share a common identity
outgroup
“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races; aka cross-race effect or own-race bias
aggression
any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can create aggression
prosocial behavior
behavior that intends to help or benefit someone
Proximity
geographic nearness is friendship's most powerful predictor
Mere exposure
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Similarity
people like who those who are similar to themself
Compassionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it
Self disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Enemy perceptions
those in conflict have a curious tendency to form diabolical images of one another
Mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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