a&p II final - HCC Goco

down syndrome

trisomy 21

fetal circulation

-Gas exchange occurs in the placenta

-Blood passes through foramen ovale to left atrium

-Blood bypasses lungs by travelling through the ductus arteriosus into aorta

-Oxygen rich blood enters the embryo via the umbilical vein

blastocyst

Zona pellucida disintegrates and releases conceptus, called ____________, embryo implant in the uterus

Uterine tube

syngamy, fertilization and early embryo development take place here

Luteal (postovulatory) phase

day 15 to day 28, from just after ovulation to onset of menstruation, progesterone level rises

Menarche

first occurrence of period; controlled by GnRH; skipped in pregnancy; myometrial contractin

true

If a color- blind(X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for trait, half proportion of their male offspring can be expected to be Colorblind

Cremaster muscle

Plays a major role in maintaining scrotal temperature for spermatogenesis

Functions of accessory glands of male reproductive system

nutrition, motility, provides buffer, produce sperm

spermatozoon

Structure releases enzymes to help sperm penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida

Lipoproteins

helps in lowering of cholesterol by transporting them to liver for excretion

Kidney, Blood, Lungs and Buffers

play an important role in regulating acid-base balance in the body

Water, Sodium, Bicarbonate ion, Hydrogen ion

Suffering from both vomiting and diarrhea loses __________________________ from the body

hepatopancreatic ampulla

releases bile salts, alkaline buffers, digestive enzymes and bilirubin

Lactose Intolerance

Lack of enzyme from small intestine is responsible for ________ ____________

Mucosa of Large Intestine

part of the GI tract has maximum number of Goblets cells

MALT

lymphatic structure in the wall of digestive and lower respiratory systems

Parietal cells

responsible for the vitamin replacement requirement to take vitamin B12, need shots for life after Gastrectomy

High levels of Urea in urine

indicates increased metabolism of proteins in the body

sequence passage of urine

glomerular capsule →PCT → nephron loop → DCT→ collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Normal Urine

is mostly acidic, hypertonic as compared to body Fluids, it contains urea and uric acid as nitrogenous wastes and volume is directly proportional to fluid intake

Renal artery stenosis

may result in very high blood pressure due to increased renin secretion, juxtaglomerular cells structures in kidney responsible for sensing inadequate blood supply and secretion of renin

glomerulus

obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the _______________

Passage of air

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli

relaxation

If a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid, ___________ of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity

greater

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____________ than the atmospheric pressure

drop; rise

high altitudes:

A ____ in atmospheric oxygen levels

A release of erythropoeitin

A _____ in hematocrit

An increase in red blood cell production

increase

Decreased pH factors would _______ the release of oxygen by Hgb in the peripheral tissues

Cytotoxic t cells

Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells.

Tears

the most biological fluid sample containing a large amount of IgA-type antibody

helper

HIV that causes the disease known as AIDS, infects _________ T cells

brachiocephalic; axillary

Major Blood Vessels going from the heart to the arm: Aorta- ____________- subclavian- __________- brachial- radial and ulnar

viscosity; contraction

Blood ____________, force of __________, diameter and length of the vessel all effect blood flow through the vessels

action potential

Failure of the SA node to generate and propagate an ___________ ___________ is indicative of an ECG (EKG) lacking a P wave

venous return; Sympathetic stimulation

Factors that will increase cardiac output:

- Heart rate

- ________ __________

- Force of contraction

- _______________ _______________

stress

Risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease:

- Obesity, _______, Cigarette smoking and Elevated

blood cholesterol

left ventricle

is a chambers has the thickest wall and forms the apex of the heart

mitral; decreased

_______ valve fails to close properly during ventricular systole, __________ blood volume entering the Aorta from the left ventricle.

Right coronary artery

branches off the ascending aorta

O

A person with A blood type should never receive a transfusion of B nor AB blood, but can receive A or __ type blood.

Neutrophils

types of leukocytes and most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury

7.35-7.45

normal blood pH

formed elements

Cells in blood are referred to as the __________ _________

more; buffers

blood is about 55% plasma, _____ viscous than water and contains _________ that control pH

hormones

Testing of blood investigate the level of ___________ in an individual

ADH

targets kidney and reduces urine volume

oxytocin

Increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor

beta; polydipsia

Insulin dependent Diabetes is destruction of ________ cells of the pancreas results to metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, _________, polyphagia

HCG

hormones is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy tests

testosterone

taking injections of (anabolic steroid) will result increased sex drive and muscle mass, decreased levels of GnRH, LH and FSH