AP Computer Science Principles – Unit 9 Global Impacts of Computing Test Study Reference

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from AP Computer Science Principles Unit 9, focusing on the global impacts of computing.

Computing Innovation

A program or physical device that incorporates a computer or program as a central part of its function.

Augmentation vs. Replacement

Augmentation extends human capability, while Replacement eliminates the human role.

Unintended Effect

A consequence of a computing innovation not anticipated by its creators.

Dual-Use Technology

The same technology can produce both beneficial and harmful outcomes.

Intended Effect

An outcome the developers of the innovation designed and planned for.

Unintended Harmful Effect

A negative outcome that was not anticipated when the innovation was created.

Filter Bubble

When recommendation algorithms show users only matching content, reducing exposure to diverse perspectives.

Function Creep

When data collected for one purpose is later used for a different, unintended purpose.

Data Aggregation

Combining individually harmless data points to create a detailed profile.

Privacy Policy

A document that explains what data a company collects, how it uses it, and who it shares it with.

Implied Consent

Consent granted by continuing to use a service after being shown terms of service.

Opt-In vs. Opt-Out

Opt-in requires active agreement before data is collected; Opt-out is default enrollment that requires action to stop.

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, protecting students' educational records.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which protects individuals' medical and health records.

COPPA

Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, which protects online data of children under 13.

Copyright

Automatic legal protection of original creative works from the moment they are created.

Copyright Infringement

Using a copyrighted work without authorization from the rights holder.

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own without attribution.

Fair Use

A legal defense allowing limited use of copyrighted material without permission.

Public Domain

Works not protected by copyright, allowing anyone to use them freely.

Creative Commons (CC)

A licensing system allowing creators to specify how others may use their work.

DMCA

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, U.S. law governing digital copyright.

Privacy-Security Tradeoff

Gaining security benefits requires accepting some privacy cost.

The Four Fair Use Factors

1. Purpose & character of the use, 2. Nature of the copyrighted work, 3. Amount used, 4. Market effect.

CC BY License

Allows use for anything (including commercially) as long as credit is given to the creator.

CC BY-NC License

Allows non-commercial use only, requiring credit to the creator.

CC BY-SA License

Allows any use with credit, but derivatives must use the same license.

CC BY-NC-ND License

Allows non-commercial use only with credit, no modifications allowed.

CC0 / Public Domain

No restrictions whatsoever; no attribution needed.