The Chemistry of Life

Organic Compounds

• make up organisms

• help organisms carry out life processes

OSE

sugar

Carbon

It is the major elemnt

Carbon

Without this element, life as we know it would cease to exist

Carbohydrates

It is the main source to gain energy

CHO

Carbohydrates

Simple Sugar

• It has 1 or 2 monomers

• Tastes sweet

• Monosaccharides

1:2:1

Ratio of CHO

Cell Wall

it has a square shape

Plants

In carbohydrates

• Produces food, fruits, and vegetables

Animals

In carbohydrates

• Produces milk

monomer

• one

• monosaccharide

• consists of galactose, fructose, glucose

Polymers

• Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide

• many

• starch, glycogen, and cellulose

• chitin

Chitin

Examples: potatoes, liver, cellulose,

Disaccharide

• Combine 2 or more monosaccharide units

• Consists of sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Proteins

uses and functions:

• Growth and repair

• Cell membrane structure

• Antibodies

• Enzymes

• Hormones

Proteins

muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones

Plants

In proteins

• Produces grains and nuts

Animals

In proteins

• Produces muscles and milk (as a complete food)

Catalyst

Means speed up

* Polypeptide chem

Amino Acid

Monomer in proteins

Polypeptides

Polymers in proteins

Lipids

FATS

Hydrophobic

non-polar - kabaliktaran ng water

Oily or Fatty

Insoluble in H2O:

• Triglycerides

• Phospholipids

• Cholesterol

• Steroids / Sex hormones

Lipids

the uses and functions are:

• Great source of STORED energy

• Regulates body temperature

• Cushion the internal organs for protection

• Chemical messengers

• Serve as structural components of cell membrane

Plants

In lipids

• Produces seeds and nuts (oils and cocoa butter, margarine, dairy products)

Animals

In lipids

• Produces adipose (fatty) tissue

Saturated Fatty Acids

• Solids at noon temp

• Animal source

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

• Healthy

• Liquid at noon temp

• Plants source

1:2:less than one

CHO in lipids is not…

Monomers

In lipids

• Glycerol

• Fatty acid

Polymer

In lipids

• TRIGLYCERIDE

• 3 fatty acids make the long fatty chains of triglyceride

Nucleic Acids

Store and transmit your genetic information

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acids

RNA

Ribonucleic acids

23

How many pairs of chromosomes?

46

Number of chromosomes

23

How many chromosomes from father?

23

How many chromosomes from mother?

Nucleic Acids

Uses and functions:

• Storage and expression of genomic information

DNA

What encodes the information cells need to make proteins?

RNA

What is used in translation and transcription of DNA to produce proteins in cells?

Examples and sources

• plants and animals

• inside the nucleus of each cell (EXCEPT a bacterial cell)

PCHON

• Phosphorus

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Nucleotide

• It is under monomer

• This individual units that constitute DNA and RNA

Polynucleotide

• It is under polymer in nucleic acids

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

What are the four types of macromolecules in living organisms?

One

What does MONO mean?

Monomer

It is a single piece

Lots of Monomers

What is needed to create a macromolecule?

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer in a carbohydrate called?

four

How many type are macromolecules in living organisms?

Biomolecuoes

Macromolecules are also referred as

Biomolecules

It is produced by living organisms and is needed in life

Polymer

Another term for macromolecules

Many

What does POLY mean?

Polymerization

When a polymer is made it is called?

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer in a carbohydrates called?

Carbohydrate

What is created when lots of monosaccharide is combined?

Simple Sugar

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

Simple Sugar

It is found in candies, cakes, fruits, etc.

Milk

Where can you find simple sugars?

Disaccharide

When 2 monosaccharides & 2 simple sugar are combined ??? is created

Two

What does DI mean?

Disaccharides

• Sucrose

• Lactose

• Maltose

Sucrose

Fructose + Glucose

Lactose

Galactose + Glucose

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharide

When many MONOsaccharides are combined together ??? is created

Complex Sugar

When many monosaccharide is combined, it creates a what?

Complex Sugar

What is created when many simple sugar is combined?

Complex Sugar

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

Energy

What is the function of carbohydrates? what does it provide?

Simple Sugar

What provides you short bursts of energy?

Pasta

What food gives you longer energy?

Lipids

Biological molecules

yes

Are lipids not soluble in water?

Lipids

• oils

• waxes

• steroid hormones

• triglycerides

Lipids

Long-term energy storage

Phispholipids

It is a major component in cell membranes

Proteins

this help control rate of chemical reactions, fight diseases, and transport materials in cells

Muscle

What do proteins help build?

Peptide Bond

When 2 amino acids combine, they are being held together by?

Protein

What is created when lots of amino acids are combined?

Polypeptide

Protein is referred as