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10 key reasons why family life has changed over the past century in the UK?
Marriage
Cohabitation
Effective contraception
Divorce
Role of women
Same sex marriage
Globalisation
Impact of media
Adoption law
Religious values.
Why has family life changed because of marriage? (4)
The amount of people marrying in 2011 was almost half of 1971.
Some of these reasons are the cost, shift in societies attires that people should marry and women’s financial independence from men.
As society becomes more secular, the sanctity of marriage has lots its important.
In 2011 only 1 in 3 marriages involved a religious ceremony.
Why has family life changed because of cohabitation? (4)
The act of living together in a sexual partnership without being married.
Today, around 60 per cent of all marriages are preceded by a period of cohabitation.
It is also an option for people not able to marry for financial or social factors, eg inter-religious relationships.
Sex before marriage is now socially acceptable.
Why has family life changed because of effective contraception? (2)
Many people now wait longer to become parents and instead concentrate on their profession.
With the increase in effective contraception, the UK now has smaller families, a decrease in birth rate, an ageing population and some may claim an increase in promiscuity.
Why has family life changed because of divorce? (4)
In 1970, 22 per cent of marriages ended in divorce.
In 2010 this percentage had risen to 33 per cent.
Some claim this is due to the fact that divorce is now a very easy process taking as little as six weeks.
Other reasons include the social stigma of divorce no longer being an issue and increasing financial independence for women.
Why has family life changed because of the role of women? (5)
The 1901 census recorded fewer than 100 registered female doctors in the UK.
At this time, going to university was difficult and expensive, with many not even admitting women.
The dependence on female labour in the Second World War and the suffragette movement meant that the roles of women changed significantly.
The Equal Pay Act (1970) and Sex Discrimination Act (1975) gave women full rights.
Women were no longer solely the home-maker.
Why has family life changed because of same sex marriage? (3)
Granted to gay and lesbian couples under the Marriage (Same Sex) Couples Act 2014.
It gives same-sex couples marriage rights, including property rights, pension benefits and inheritance.
It also allows parental responsibility for a spouse's children.
Why has family life changed because of globalisation? (2)
Has transformed virtually all aspects of modern life, including family life, with the number of international and cross-border relationships increasing.
More people are travelling away from their families and countries of origin.
Why has family life changed because of the impact of media? (3)
The media reflects and shapes our cultural expectations and standards. Traditionally the media held up the nuclear family as the model.
Many TV shows now reflect the broader idea of family life, eg same-sex or reconstituted families.
Many believe this has added to the increase in acceptance of different types of family units.
Why has family life changed because of adoption law? (3)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 allows either a single person or a couple, including same-sex, to apply to adopt a child in England and Wales.
Supporters stressed that adoption is about providing children with a stable family environment.
Opponents raised doubts over the stability of relationships outside marriage, and the effects of having same-sex parents on the child's welfare.
Why has family life changed because of religious values? (2)
Research suggests that church attendance has experienced a decline of approximately 60 per cent since 1985.
This impacts family life, e.g. the increase in divorce, cohabitation, sex outside marriage, and the decrease in the number of people who see marriage as a something important in a religious sense.
Families in Christianity (8)
Christians believe that the family is an important place for the nurture and celebration of faith.
Pope Francis described it as the essential cell of society.
It is important to worship together as a family at home and at church.
Celebrating festivals such as Christmas and Easter as a family is important.
Celebrating rites of passage and marking special times in family members lives is important: such as baptism and confirmation.
Mothers and fathers are expected to play an equally important role in family life at-hough they may have different responsibilities.
The 10 Commandments makes it clear that Children are expected to obey and respect their parents.
Children are considered as gifts from God.
Families in Islam (6)
Mothers and fathers are expected to play an equally important role in family life, although they may have different responsibilities.
The family often includes extended family members: grandparents, uncles and aunties etc.
The role of family honour is important.
It is considered important to celebrate festivals together: e.g. Id-ul-Fitr.
It is considered important to keep the halal diet together at home.
Children are expected to care for parents and older family members.
Why is the belief that men and women should have different roles prevalent in Christianity?
Jesus and early Christians lived in a male-dominated society and the Bible reflects this.
The belief that men and women should have different roles is still common in some Christian communities today.
This is because they believe that God made men and women differently.
The Church in Wales on the roles of women and men in relationships? (3)
Other Christians believe that men and women were both made in the image of God and should be treated equally - they should share responsibilities and privileg-es.
Believe that it is natural for people to be in relationships as Genesis 2:8 states: The Lord God said 'It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him'.
‘There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female for you are all one in Christ Jesus.’ - St Paul.
The Roman Catholic Church on the roles of women and men in relationships? (4)
Many Catholics believe husbands and wives should respect each other's roles within a marriage and value both equally.
These roles include those of care within the home, and that of earning money to provide for the family.
‘Men should truly esteem and love women with total respect for their personal dignity, and society should create and develop conditions favouring work in the home.’ - Pope John Paul II
‘Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything’. - St Paul.
Islam on the roles of women and men in relationships? (7)
Men and women are regarded as being the two pillars of a family—both taking on equal responsibilities.
Muslims regard men as being ‘the guardians of his family (household) and is responsible for his subjects; a woman is the guardian of her husband's home and of his children and is responsible for them' - Hadith.
The Quran indicates that men and women are spiritual equals.
The Quran gives the man the right of 'guardianship' or superiority' over the family structure.
The husband is responsible for caring for his wife and fulfilling her desires.
In Islam, family love and friendship is far more precious than anything else.
Husbands are to respect their wives and be well mannered and warm natures towards their children.
Christianity on the issues caused by inter-faith marriage. (5)
Choosing which traditional religious building should the marriage should take place in.
Deciding on which religion the children will be raised in.
Choosing which religious morals to follow, e.g. use of contraception .
Facing problems if the families of the couple do not accept their marriage.
The Catholic denomination deals with these issues by insisting that the partner who is not Catholic agrees to any children of the marriage being allowed to follow the Catholic faith.
Why is marriage outside of islam rare? (2)
Traditionally going out together is not encouraged within the Muslim faith and the couple who may be married are only allowed to meet each other when members of their families are present.
Therefore, marriage outside the religious tradition is rare.
Why inter-faith marriage is difficult in Islam, especially in the UK? (4)
Muslim men may have up to four wives but each wife must be treated equally, and his other wives must agree before a Muslim may take another wife. This is only allowed in Muslim countries and is not allowed in Wales.
Traditionally the Muslim view was that a Muslim man might marry a Jew or a Christian, but a Muslim woman might only marry a Muslim man. In practice, many Muslims marry outside these traditional boundaries.
Wales is a modern society where many people have different views about marriage and cohabitation.
There are particular issues raised by inter faith marriages. One of the duties of parents is to teach their Children about Islam. This becomes more difficult in an inter-faith marriage. Which religion do parents teach and share with their children?
Cohabitation - general (5)
Cohabitation is when a couple live together before they are married.
According to the Family Law web-site, "the cohabiting couple family continues to be the fastest growing family type in the UK in 2016."
17% of families in the UK are living together and are not married.Today, around 60 per cent of all marriages are preceded by a period of cohabitation.
It is also an option for people not able to marry for financial or social factors, e.g. inter-religious relationships.
Sex before marriage is now socially acceptable.
Christian views for cohabitation. (4)
Some Christians will choose to cohabit as they believe their love for each other is enough to demonstrate their commitment.
Many members of the Church in Wales believe they may only cohabit if it will lead to marriage. If they are right for each other then living together will give them an insight into married life.
Some Christians believe they do not need to get married to show their love for each other and cohabitation is therefore acceptable
Christians have become more tolerant in the modern times.
Christian views against cohabitation? (3)
Catholic Christians do not accept cohabitation as they believe sex should only happen in marriage
Many Catholic Christians will not cohabit as they believe it is sinful.
A couple will only live together when they are married.
Islamic views on cohabitation? (3)
Muslims do not agree with pre-marital sex and therefore Muslim couples do not usually live together or cohabit until they are married.
However, there are changing attitudes towards co-habitation.
These changing attitudes mean that some Muslims decide to cohabit rather than marry and are more influenced by the values in modern society.
Quote on marriage in Christianity and its three meanings.
‘At the beginning of creation God made them male and female. For this reason, a man will leave his father and be united to his wide, and the two will become one flesh.’
Makes three key points:
Marriage involves a man and a woman.
Marriage unites two individuals into one being.
Marriage should never be ended.
Christian views on marriage. (5)
For Christians, marriage is the uniting of one man and one woman to form one body in love and commitment.
Christian marriage takes place in a church or Chapel in the presence of a priest or minister who represents the presence of God, leads the couple in expressing their commitment to each other through the taking of vows, and blesses their union.
As marriage is a legal joining of two people, even in a church, a registrar has to be present to ensure that the signing of the marriage register (mostly priests and ministers) is done properly and within the law.
For Catholics and for Orthodox Christians, the presence of a priest or minister is essential for the marriage to be valia.
For many other Christian denominations, it is the couple's love and intention that are important and the minister is only there to oversee the ceremony.
Common features in all denominations of christian marriages? (3)
The couple meet in the presence of a minister, often in a church or place of worship readings from the Bible take place.
The bride and groom take their marriage vows.
The bride and groom often exchange rings as a sign of their endless love.
Islamic beliefs about marriage (6)
Marriage in Islam is referred to as being a gift from Allah.
The Qur’an refers to God creating a soul mate for humans to have.
A Muslim wedding ceremony is known as a nikkah, and is usually a simple ceremony.
The bride does not have to be present as long as she sends two witnesses to the drawn-up agreement.
Normally, the ceremony consists of readings from the Quran, and the exchange of vows in front of witnesses for both partners.
No special religious official is necessary, but often the imam is present and performs the ceremony and gives a short sermon.
Things that are basic to all Muslim marriages. (7)
Marriages have to be declared publicly and should never be undertaken in secret.
A large feast, or walimah - happens after the wedding to publicly announce that the couple are married to each other.
Many wedding customs are a matter of culture and not of Islam.
The bride and groom may be obliged to sit on 'thrones' on a platform, to be seen by the guests.
They may receive gifts, or money.
Some Muslim weddings might consist of vast feasts with hundreds of guests, usually with the males in a separate room from the females.
Other Muslims have simple celebratory parties with only close friends and relatives.
Christian beliefs against divorce? (4)
‘What God has joined together let no one separate.’
Marriage is a lifelong commitment made in front of witnesses and God.
The vows include ‘till death us do part’, meaning that marriage is for life Jesus taught that no man should separate what God has joined together.
Marriage is a holy sacrament (external sign of an inward blessing by God)
Christian beliefs for divorce. (3)
Some Christians may believe it is permissible where relationships are abusive.
The UK law allows divorce and Christians should respect the law of the land.
It may be a last resort if all other attempts at saving the marriage have failed.
Roman Catholics on divorce. (3)
Do not believe or accept divorce as ‘no man can separate what God has joined together’.
Marriage is holy and ordained by God.
Annulments can happen in certain circumstances.
Methodists on divorce. (3)
Can be seen as the lesser of two evils in some circumstances such as it being better to divorce than continuing in a loveless marriage.
Divorce should be a last resort.
Every effort should have been made to save the marriage.
What do Christians think about re-marriage? (3)
Remarriage is a controversial issue for Christians because:
Your vows state that you will be married 'til death us do part' so you cannot remarry until your first spouse has died.
Roman Catholics do not accept divorce so would not recognise remarriage.
Vicars can refuse to marry people if they have caused the ruin of their partner's previous marriage.
What do Muslims believe about divorce?
Some Muslims believe marriage is for life and divorce should never happen.
Most Muslims accept that divorce may happen on occasion.
Sunni Muslims wait three month in separation before divorce can take place.
Marriage is a contract and if the conditions are not kept, then the contract can be ended Muhammad said that divorce was "the most detestable of all things permitted".
The Quran sets out rules for divorce: ‘either keep her in an acceptable manner or release her with good treatment’.
What do Muslims think about re-marriage? (4)
Muhammad's wife Khadijah had been married before so remarriage doesn't seem to be a problem in Islam.
It is better and more natural for people to be married so single Muslims are encouraged to marry or remarry if their have divorced.
Marriage is not a sacrament (holy ceremony) - it's purely contractual between human beings.
It's up to humans to decide if they want to remarry.
Mosque marriage ceremony in Wales. (3)
Although mosques are obvious places of worship, the majority of them in the UK, including Wales, have not yet been officially registered as such and so any Islamic wedding that merely takes place at a mosque has to be registered legally with the UK law as well in order to be seen as valid in the UK.
For many Muslims, it is the Islamic marriage ceremony that counts as the actual wedding, and not the legal confirmation of that wedding in a registry office.
For this reason, Muslims in Wales will have a Muslim ceremony first, and then marry legally in a registry office.
Arranged/assisted marriage in Wales and elsewhere. (5)
Marriages in Islam are often assisted or arranged (by the two families of the bride and groom) but these can only take place with the consent of both parties. If someone was forced to marry, then the marriage would be invalid.
These assisted or arranged marriages were the traditional form of arranging marriages, but many Muslim families living in Wales will not follow this custom.
Many young people will attend mixed schools, where pupils are taught and socialise in a more informal way.
Arranged marriages ensure that Muslim marriages are based on compatibility rather than lustful feelings. It is thought that a marriage like this will be less likely to end in divorce.
Arranged marriages are the custom in some Muslim families, when parents are involved in finding a suitable marriage partner for their Child. This ensures that marriages are based on compatibility rather than just feelings. It is thought that a marriage like this will be less likely to end in divorce.
Christians’ belief about sex. (6)
Sex should take place within a committed relationship such as marriage.
Sex is holy and sacred and a gift from God.
Sexual relationships are special and unique and a commitment between a husband and wife.
Casual sex is seen as devaluing a person.
Sex outside marriage is harmful to the special relationship of marriage.
Contraceptives are acceptable to many Christians—as long as both partners agree.
Roman Catholic’s views on sex. (4)
Artificial methods of contraception are not allowed it's against the Natural Law (St Thomas Aquinas) this is because it it turns sex into a non-marital act.
Sex should always allow the possibility of new life because of the second of Aquinas's 5 precepts - this includes reproduction.
Natural methods of contraception are allowed, such as natural family planning.
Priests are expected to be celibate.
Islamic teachings about sex (6)
Sex is seen as a gift from Allah and sexual relationships should only take place in marriage between a man and a woman.
Cohabitation, and any form of extra-marital sex, is considered to be wrong in Islam.
‘Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste until God gives them the means’. - Qur'an. In practice, this means that Muslims regard marriage as the basis of family life, where children may be raised in a stable and secure environment.
Sexual relationships should only take place within marriage.
Some Muslim women believe that the wearing of a special garment, like the burkah, is a way of protecting themselves from what they see as an over-sexualised society.
The wearing of the burkah is a practical expression of modesty in public.
Islamic beliefs about contraception. (2)
Many Muslims see it as their duty to have children and one of the aims of marriage is the conception and raising of children.
However, most Islamic scholars agree that Islam allows contraception.
What situations is contraception allowed and not allowed (6)
If a pregnancy would endanger a woman's life
To allow couples to space out their children especially if a woman is already caring for a baby (eg if breastfeeding)
If the mother's health is threatened.
If there is a chance of a child being born disabled.
If the family do not have the money to bring up a child.
Sterilisation as a form of contraception, which would result in a couple never having children, is strongly discouraged.
Christian beliefs for homosexuality. (7)
Some denominations, such as Quakers allow same-sex couples to have a church service, although they will still need to be legally married by registrars.
Some may regard these teachings from the Bible as outdated and no longer relevane to the modern physical expression of genuine love.
Simply because a sexual union cannotr esut in children, it is not right to forbid any action that is a physical expression of genuine love.
Homosexuals are simply following their natural instincts. This is how God created them, so they should not be condemned.
There is evidence of homosexual activity throughout the animal kingdom.
There are many laws in the Bible that would not be accepted now because the nature of society has changed e.g. capital punishment and slavery.
Some people believe St. Paul’s comments were about male prostitutes, not homosexuality in general.
Arguments against homosexuality in Christianity. (9)
Same-sex marriage is not currently practised in Christian churches.
‘If a man has sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable’
We also know that the law is not made for the righteous but […] for those practicing homosexuality’ - Timothy.
Catholics do not allow same-sex relationships, as they believe that marriage and sexual relationships should take place between a man and a woman.
God made male and female according to the Book of Genesis to complete each other and to procreate.
Even if the couple are unable to have children, the sexual union is theoretically open to the production of children.
The natural order represented in nature is for male and female to unite: the natural law argument.
Homosexual practice is forbidden in the book of Leviticus.
In some of St Paul's letters included in the Bible, he condemns homosexuality as 'unrighteous' and Claims that men who practise homosexuality will not inherit the kingdom of God.
What do Christian beliefs about homosexuality mean in practice? (4)
Most Christian churches hold the position that u should love the Sinner, but hate the sin: This is general interpreted to mean that Christians should show love and compassion to homosexuals, but that homosexuals should not engage in sexual activity.
This is because most churches teach that sex should only happen within marriage, which the Church defines as being between a man and a woman.
Catholic Church says that they must be accepted with respect, compassion and sensitivity. But homosexual people are called to chastity.
Quaker view is accepting as to reject people on the grounds of their sexual behaviour is a denial of God’s creation.
Islamic attitudes to same sex relationships.
Islam doesn’t accept homosexual as the Qur’an teaches that it is unnatural and against the will of Allah.
‘Indeed, you approach men with desire instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people’ - Qur’an.
In the UK, some Muslims live openly in same sex relationships.
Although they are protected by European anti-discrimination laws, they sometimes face strong opposition from other Muslims and within their own families.
Roman Catholic’s on the roles of women and men in worship and authority. (6)
Catholics believe that women can have an active role in worship: e.g. nuns helping to lead worship.
Women cannot be ordained as ministers or priests.
Pope Francis has emphasised the important role that women play in the church.
The original 12 disciples were all men.
Timothy 2:11-12 Can be interpreted to say women should not have authority over men.
Roles of men and women are seen as equal yet different.
The Church in Wales on the roles of women and men in worship and authority. (3)
Jesus had women followers,
Galatians can be interpreted to say gender is not important as long as there is faith in Jesus.
Anglicans allow women to be ordained and become bishops.
Islamic teachings on the roles of women and men in worship and authority. (7)
Teachings show Allah created all people from the same soul.
In the Quran, someone who is a true believer can be male or female.
Quran suggests that men should have authority over women in situations such as divorce.
Usually, it is only men who take on the roles of Imam and lead prayer.
Men and women worship separately.
Some Sunni groups allow women to lead prayers for other women but they must stand within the congregation.
Roles of men and women are taught to be equal in status, yet different in nature.
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