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Concepts
Form the basis of thought.
Prototypes
The ideal example for any given concept.
Schemas
Frameworks for thinking.
Assimilation
Taking in new information but not changing the schema.
Accommodation
Taking in new information and changing the schema.
Algorithms
Attempting all solutions until the correct one is found.
Heuristics
Using mental shortcuts to make judgements.
Representative heuristic
Decisions made according to prior expectations or stereotypes.
Availability heuristic
Recalling the first or most vivid example that comes to mind.
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way based on past experiences.
Priming
Exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent prompt.
Framing
Cognitive bias influenced by how information is presented.
Gambler’s Fallacy
False belief that the probability of a random event changes based on previous outcomes.
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Reluctance to abandon a strategy due to prior investments.
Executive functions
Cognitive processes that allow for goal-directed behavior and critical thinking.
Creativity
Thinking that includes generating novel ideas and engaging in divergent thinking.
Functional fixedness
Cognitive bias limiting innovative uses for an object.
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to seek information that confirms existing beliefs.
Belief Bias
Preexisting beliefs distorting logical reasoning.
Belief Perseverance
Holding onto an initial belief despite its discredit.
Explicit memory
Type of memory that is easily described or explained.
Episodic memory
Ability to recall specific past events and their details.
Semantic memory
Recalling words, concepts, or numbers essential for language.
Implicit memory
Subconscious memory use.
Procedural memory
Memory of procedures and processes.
Prospective memory
Ability to remember planned actions in the future.
Flashbulb memory
Vivid memory of emotionally significant moments.
Long-term potentiation
Process strengthening synaptic connections with frequent activation.
Levels of Processing Model
Memory encoding at three levels: structural, phonemic, semantic.
Working Memory Model
Examines components of working memory during information processing. Including central executive, phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
Central executive
Manages attention and supervises other memory components.
Phonological loop
Holds auditory information and rehearses it.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Manipulates visual images and spatial information.
Multi-Store Model
Proposes 3 interacting systems for memory retention.
Encoding
Strategies to get information into memory.
Mnemonic devices
Techniques to help memorize by using patterns or imagery.
Chunking
Grouping information into meaningful categories.
Spacing effect
Distributed practice leads to stronger encoding.
Serial position effect
Recall is better for items at the beginning and end of a list.
Sensory memory
Immediate, short-duration memory that holds information briefly.
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory.
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory.
Eidetic memory
Recalling a picture in detail shortly after seeing it.
Short-term memory
Holds 7±2 bits of information for about 20-30 seconds.
Long-term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless memory store.
Maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsing information over time to prolong storage.
Elaborative rehearsal
Rehearsing information in ways that promote meaning.
Autobiographical memory
Connection to personal experience enhances memorability.
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to recall past events before amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to create new memories after amnesia.
Alzheimer’s disease
Brain disorder that progressively destroys memory and thinking skills.
Infantile amnesia
Inability to recall early episodic memories.
Recall
Retrieval method reproducing previously presented material.
Recognition
Retrieval method identifying previously presented information.
Forgetting curve
Rapid forgetting after learning that levels off over time.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Temporary inability to retrieve specific information.
Encoding failure
Failure to properly store information in long-term memory.
Retrieval failure
Stored information is accessible but temporarily inaccessible.
Proactive interference
Old information interferes with recalling new information.
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with recalling old information.
Misinformation effect
Memory distortion due to misleading information.
Source amnesia
Inability to recall when, where, or how something was learned.
Constructive memory
Memories shaped by interpretations and emotions.
