Solids, Liquids, Gas IGCSE

Density

The amount of mass per volume

Density equation

Density = mass/volume

Pressure equation

Pressure = Force/Area

Steps to measuring the density of a rock

1.) Place 100ml of water into a measuring cylinder and submerge the rock into it. The change in value on the cylinder will tell you the volume of the rock.

2.) Use a balance to measure the mass of the rock

3.) Calculate the density = mass/volume

4.) Repeat the experiment multiple times and average the concordant results

5.) Read the measuring cylinder from the side to avoid a parallax error

Pressure difference equation

Pressure difference (pa) = height (m) x density (kg/m³) x gravitational field strength (10 N/kg)

Specific heat capacity

Amount of (thermal/ heat) energy needed to change 1g of a substance by 1°C

Solids

Arrangement: Regular / close together

Movement: Vibrate about a fixed position

Liquids

Arrangement: Irregular / close together

Movement: Slide over each other

Gas

Arrangement: Randomly arranged / Far apart

Movement: Move freely in all directions

Evaporation

Particles escape from a liquid and become gas particles

During a state change…

… all particles need to reach the same energy level

Specific heat capacity equation

ΔQ = mcΔT

Change in specific heat capacity = mass x (4.18) x change in time