Phonemes

Allophones

________ activate the same specific area of the brain as phonemes.

Phonological rules

________: formal statements of what occurred in speech.

Positional

________: different allophones can occur depending on where it is in the word (ex: f) [initial, medial, final]

Specific notation

________: the phoneme is pronounced as the allophone in the environment.

Palatalization

________: a shift to a more palatal place of articulation.

Contrast

________: minimal and subminimal pairs.

Adjacent Segments Assimilation

________: sounds frequently assimilate to neighboring sounds (ex: nasalization)

sound shape of words

Mental representations of the ________ are stored as phonemes in the Lexicon.

h

only at beginning of syllables

ŋ

only at end of syllables

specific notation

the phoneme is pronounced as the allophone in the environment

Conditioning Environments

causes allophony

Stress

both vowels and consonants can have different allophones in stressed v unstressed syllables

Voicing Assimilation

voiceless speech sounds get voiced when they neighbor other voiced sounds

Devoicing

voiced segments become devoiced at the very end of words as the vibration of vocal folds stops prematurely

Place Assimilation

vowels and consonants take on the place of articulation of a neighboring sound

Palatalization

a shift to a more palatal place of articulation

phonological rules

formal statements of what occurred in speech

by position

initial, medial, and final

Contrast

minimal and subminimal pairs

Complementary

non-overlapping environments