AP Biology Unit 2 2022-23

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Organelles

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell

TERM
Smooth ER

DEFINITION
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes; functions in the synthesis of lipids
LOCATION
Smooth ER

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

TERM
Ribosomes

DEFINITION
site of protein synthesis
LOCATION
Ribosomes

TERM
Nucleus

DEFINITION
A part of the Eukaryotic cell containing the DNA
LOCATION
Nucleus

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

TERM
Golgi Apparatus

DEFINITION
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
LOCATION
Golgi Apparatus

TERM
Vacuoles

DEFINITION
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
LOCATION
Vacuoles

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into out of, and within a cell

TERM
Mitochondria

DEFINITION
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of aerobic cellular respiration occurs.
LOCATION
Mitochondria

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one

Plasma Membrane

A selectively

Integral Proteins

proteins that span the membrane

Peripheral Proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

Selective Permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell



Active Transport

Concentration Gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels without the input of energy

Channel Proteins

provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration

Isotonic

Having the same concentration

plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

plasmolysis

This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.

turgor pressure

The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.

Water Potential

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

Solute Potential

This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Central Vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Centrosome

A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.

Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Organelles found in animal but not plant cells

Lysosome, centrioles, gap junctions

Organelles found in plant but not animal cells

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast

Organelles that contain DNA

nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria

All cells have

plasma membrane, cytosol

TERM
Nucleolus

DEFINITION
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
LOCATION
Nucleolus

TERM
cytoskeleton

DEFINITION
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
LOCATION
cytoskeleton

Microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Two protein chains loosely twined together
Movements like contraction, crawling, "pinching"

intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilamen

cytoplasm, chromosomes

DNA, ribosomes