UNIT 2 AP EURO

Church Corruption

SIN, simony (payed way in clergy, nepotism, indulgences

Where did Luther get inspired?

- book of roman’s (bc of renaissance classicism)

-which taught taught salvation was free in contrast to earn in catholic church and priesthood of all believers

Martin Luther

-German monk

-1517 put 95 theses on church door sparking PR but only meant to start conversation with educated monks but spread by printing press

-Trialed by church at Diet of Worms(german city) and got excommunicated so hid behind Frederick III and other german princes who wanted church to have less power

-created vernacular german bible spreading accessibility to countries as far as England and showed commitment to priesthood of all believers

What was Martin Luther trialed for?

Heresy, at Diet of Worms

John Calvin

-french

-predestination (not human but god choice of salvation unlike CT + L)

-the elect: people who were saved by god (sometimes guessed as people growing in wealth but expected to give some to poor)

-Calvin’s Geneva, Theocracy, boring rules, jailed for not going to church

-Institutes of the christian religion (printing press effects)

-started Puritans in England and Huguenots in France

-more impactful then luther due to ruling power and structure, while luther was personal and individualistic with faith

Anabaptists

adult baptism NOT infant, separation of church and state (commitment to god>state and didn’t want to enlist in states military affairs)

French Wars of Religion Key Events

-Massacre of Vassy: around 50 huguenots in worship killed in a barn service led by Duke of Guise

-St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: 10-20k protestants killed, caused by Catherine Medicis other child marrying Henry of Navarre a huguenot who invites more to wedding, HON saved by convertibgv

-War of the Three Henry’s: Henry of Navarre (won), Henry of Guise (catholic and wanted only catholic rule, assasinated), and Henry III (current king but assasinated)

-HON/ Henry IV: protestant toleration through Edict of Nantes, making France Catholic but with huguenot freedom

Why did Catherine de Medici have power?

Son, Charles IX, was only eleven

wanted to centralize power through getting rid of huguenots

Thirty Years War

- Holy Roman Emire

-Peace of Ausburg, ruler could choose religion either Catholic or Lutheran NOT calvinist which kept religious order because HRE many little states

-until Frederick I (calvinist) challenged absolutism of HRE Ferdinand II, causing him to break POA and shut down lutheran churches in Bohemia starting the war as protestants got angry and through his officials out the window (Defenestration of Prague) and survived due to miracle aka manure

-four phases, Bohemian (Battle of White Mountain, Frederick I killed by Ferdinand II restoring catholicism), Danish, Swedish, and and French (wanted to fight Hapsburgs)

-settled by Peace of WestPhalia, calvinism a legitimate faith, kept Holy roman emperor weak and state rulers strong, end of midevil idea of christendom

Catholic/Counter Reformation

-church didn’t want more people to leave

-Pope Paul III Roman Inquisition

-Index of Prohibited Books

-Council of Trent, suppressed simony, banned indulgences sale, reaffirmed celibacy and classic doctrines (put wall between them and protestants)

-Jesuit Order, Ignatius of a layola, establishing schools and missionary acts, china india africa etc, made southern provinces return

Who caused and what was the roman inquisition?

Pope Paul III

authority to arrest and execute heretics (speaking of Machiavellis, The Prince, do anything for power)

inckuded Galilieo for helicocentric views

Index of Prohibited Books

-included erasmus (christian humanist) and protestant reformers (95 theses)

Effect of Mercantalism

-family land less necessary for high social class

-ex: English Parliament split into House of Lords and House of Commons, still landowners prestige but no longer necessary

Did religion matter?

YES, huguenots slaughtered at wedding (St. Bartholomews day massacre), and Jews expelled from Spain

Women

-patriarchy and nuclear family

-rural women slightly more equal due to both needing to work

-reformation caused some questioning including in France, Quarrel De Femmes (either sided women less due to eve and snake or withheld education)

-anabaptist women got authority with 1/3 leadership

What issue was caused by urbanization and reformation?

-gov needed moral laws

-outlaw of prostitution (influenced by protestant forces)

-restriction of carnival (celebration before lent) but in rural areas things continued far from state reach

-public humiliation, stocks and flogging, parading through town, and scolds bridle (muzzle for women to prevent from gossiping or nagging)

Leisure

on the rise

blood sports, boxing, bull fighting, jousting

witchcraft craze

witches inflicted disease and overthrow christianity, 40-60k executed, mentally susceptible because weaker, ¾ executed in HRE making women scapegoat for reformation and war

Art

Mannerism: distorted figures, large muscular features, vibrant colors to show drama

Baroque: detailed, began in Catholic Reformation to show protestants dull art and showed wealth and power (trying to hold on to)