need to knows

Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed the federal government's implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Constitutional provision that grants Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers.

National Supremacy in Federalism

The principle that federal law takes precedence over state law.

Baker v. Carr

Opened the door to federal court review of redistricting issues, ensuring equal representation under the Equal Protection Clause.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law.

Equal Protection Clause

Part of the 14th Amendment that requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons.

One man, one vote

The principle that each vote should have equal weight in elections.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Established that students have the right to free speech in schools as long as it does not cause a substantial disruption.

1st Amendment

Protects freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.

Free Speech

The right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint.

New York Times v. US

Declared that prior restraint of the press is unconstitutional unless it violates national security.

Prior Restraint

Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place.

Shaw v. Reno

Ruled that racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

Racial Gerrymandering

The practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to benefit a particular racial group.