Nutri Sci Lec 25 Non-communicable diseases

NCDs are mentioned in which SDG?

SDG 3: good health and well-being

NCD definition

Chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors

T or F: NCDs are infectious

F!

As of 2019, NCDs have the __ burden globally

Highest

For lower income countries, the leading cause of death is usually…

communicable diseases

NCDs are on the rise in what population?

Older and middle aged populations

Deaths from non-communicable diseases are __ overtime while deaths from communicable are __

Increasing, decreasing

The economic burden of NCDs is very__ and increasing

prominent

NCDs will cost approx __ B globally between 2011 and 2030

$47 B

Where do NCDs fall in the nutrition transition?

Pattern 4!!

1. Collecting food

2. Famine

3. Receding famine

4. Chronic diseases

5. Behavioral change

Common risk factors for NCDs

• Genetics

• Environment → pollution

• Sociodemographic → age, race, education etc

• Self-management→ tobacco use, alcohol use etc

• Medical conditions

Outcomes of NCDs are usually better for __ groups over __ groups

Non-minoritized, minoritized

What are the interventions implemented by the WHO regarding NCDs?

“Best Buy” Interventions → cost effective and feasible to implement interventions to reduce NCD burden in low and middle income countries

T or F: The WHO’s “Best Buy” Interventions are economically and cost effective

T!

Cardiovascular disease def

Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

Ischemic heart disease is also known as what? What is it the leading cause of death of?

Coronary artery disease, leading cause of death of heart attack and sudden cardiac death

Ischemic heart disease is caused by…

blockage of blood flow to the heart via atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis def. What does a rupture result in?

Build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the walls of blood vessels

Rupture results in a blood clot

What is an aneurysm caused by?

Weakened blood vessel walls bulge out, further weakening and thinning the vessel → if aneurysm bursts, can lead to hemorrhage

What two things increase the risk of an aneurysm?

Atherosclerosis and high blood pressure

Air pollution is linked to an __ risk of cardiovascular disease

increased

In 2019, globally, __% of deaths from ischemic heart disease and __% from stroke were attributable to air pollution

22% and 15%

Mental disorder def

Clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of daily functioning

Most common forms of mental disorders:

• Depressive disorders

• Anxiety disorders

• Schizophrenia

• Bipolar disorder

• Eating disorder

There is a lot of __ globally regarding mental health

Stigma

What mental disorder has the greatest burden in terms of DALYs?

Depressive disorders, followed by anxiety disorders

__ and __ income countries have a much higher suicide rate than high income countries

Low and middle

Most suicides happen before the age of __

50

What is diabetes?

Characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose resulting from abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulation action, or both

Symptoms of diabetes

Increased thirst and urination, increased hunger, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision

What form of diabetes is genetic?

Type I

Difference between Type I and Type II diabetes

Type I: Pancreas can’t product insulin, autoimmune disease

Type II: body’s tissues become resistant to insulin because the person is taking in too much glucose, pancreas can produce insulin

People with Type I diabetes require __ insulin injections

daily

In the next 30 years, the number of diabetes cases will more than __

double

Prevalence of diabetes is rising more rapidly in __ and __ income countries

Low and middle income (mortality rate and DALYs nearly doubled)

Diabetes is in the top __ leading causes of death globally

10

Diabetes is the __ leading cause of death in Mexico

2nd

In Chiapas, Mexico, why is sugary beverage intake so high?

There is a local coca-cola factory!

T or F: in Chiapas, Mexico, coke is cheaper than water

T

In Chiapas, Mexico, about how many liters of coke to people consume a day?

2+ liters

In Chiapas, Mexico, coke is now integrated into..

cultural and religious practices

In 2014, Mexico implemented a sugar-sweetened beverage tax implemented on distributors. What were its results?

• 37% reduction in volume of sugar-sweetened beverages purchases, especially for low-income households

• Predicted that in 10 years, it will prevent 240,000 cases of obesity

• Predicted to save money on healthcare

Over __ countries now tax sugar sweetened beverages

50 —> only California in the US