Studied by 9 peopleapparent movement
The perception of motion when none actually exists
attention
The cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific information
binocular depth cues
Visual information taken in by two eyes that enable depth perception
bottom-up processing
Perception based on the physical features of the stimulus
change blindness
Failure to notice significant changes in one's environment
closure
The tendency to perceive a complete image even when information is missing
cocktail party effect
The ability to focus on one auditory source in a noisy environment
convergence
In psychology, convergence refers to how the brain combines different sensory information — like what we see, hear, and feel — to understand and interpret our surroundings
gestalt psychology
A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
inattentional blindness
Failure to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight when attention is focused elsewhere
interposition
A monocular cue where one object partially covers another, indicating depth
linear perspective
A depth cue that makes parallel lines appear to converge with distance
monocular depth cues
Depth cues that require only one eye
perceptual set
A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
proximity
The tendency to group objects that are close to each other
relative clarity
A depth cue whereby objects that appear hazier are perceived as being further away
relative height
A depth cue where objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away
relative size
A depth cue where smaller objects are perceived as farther away
retinal disparity
A binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from both eyes
schema
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information
selective attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
similarity
The tendency to group objects that are similar
texture gradient
A depth cue where closer objects have a more detailed texture
top-down processing
Perception driven by cognition
accommodation (schemas)
Adjusting existing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information
algorithms
Step-by-step procedures for solving problems
assimilation
Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
convergent thinking
The ability to give the correct answer to standard questions
creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
divergent thinking
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
executive functions
Higher-order cognitive processes involved in goal-directed behavior
framing
The way an issue is posed can affect decisions and judgments
functional fixedness
The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed
Gambler's fallacy
The belief that future probabilities are altered by past events
heuristics
Simple, efficient rules of thumb that help make decisions
mental set
A tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked previously
priming
The activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
prototypes
Best examples of a concept
representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes
schemas
Mental structures that help organize knowledge
Sunk-cost fallacy
the phenomenon whereby a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or course of action because they have invested heavily in it, even when it is clear that abandonment would be more beneficial.
automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information
central executive
The part of working memory that directs attention and processing
deep encoding
Encoding information semantically, based on its meaning
echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
encoding
The processing of information into the memory system
episodic memory
Memory of specific events in one's life
explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
implicit memory
Memory without conscious recall
levels of processing model (structural, phonemic, semantic)
A model suggesting that memory retention depends on the depth of processing
long-term potentiation
a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
multi-store model
describes flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
phonological loop
The part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material
primary memory system
The system responsible for temporary storage of information
procedural memory
Memory for how to perform tasks
prospective memory
Remembering to perform a task at a future time
retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
semantic memory
Memory for facts and general knowledge
sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
shallow encoding
Encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words
storage
The retention of encoded information over time
visuospatial sketchpad
The part of working memory that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information
working memory
Working memory is the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks
working memory model
A model describing working memory as consisting of multiple components
chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
distributed practice
Spacing the study of material over time
encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system
categories (as they pertain to grouping)
Classes or divisions of items based on shared characteristics
hierarchies (as they pertain to grouping)
Systems of organizing information in levels of importance
massed practice
Cramming the study of material into a short period
memory consolidation
The process of stabilizing a memory trace
method of loci
A mnemonic device that involves associating items with physical locations
mnemonic devices
Techniques for enhancing memory
primacy effect
The tendency to recall the first items in a list
recency effect
The tendency to recall the last items in a list
serial position effect
The tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
spacing effect
The phenomenon where learning is greater when studying is spread out over time
Alzheimer's disease
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss
anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
autobiographical memory
Memory of one's life events
elaborative rehearsal
A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered
infantile amnesia
The inability to retrieve memories from early childhood
long-term memory
the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories
maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
memory retention
The ability to retain information over time
retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories from before an injury or illness
context-dependent memory
a phenomenon in which the retrieval of memories is stronger when it occurs in the same environment or context in which the memories were originally formed
metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes
mood-congruent memory
a psychological phenomenon in which a person tends to remember information that is consistent with their particular mood
recall
Retrieving information from memory without cues
recognition
Identifying information previously learned
retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval cues
Stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information
state-dependent memory
a state that the retrieval of recently obtained information may be potential if the subject exists in a similar physiological situation as for the period of the encoding stage
testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
constructive memory
The creation of false memories based on existing knowledge
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Flashcard (31)