Surgical Procedures and Medical Conditions Overview

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Abdominal Perineal Resection (APR)

Surgical removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anus, resulting in permanent colostomy.

Amniocentesis

Transabdominal needle aspiration of amniotic fluid for fetal genetic screening.

Amputation

Surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb.

Anastomosis

Surgical connection of two tubular structures (e.g., bowel, vessels).

Restoring continuity after resection

Arthroplasty

Surgical replacement of a joint with prosthetic components.

Cauterization

Application of heat or chemicals to destroy tissue for hemostasis or lesion removal.

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

Surgical delivery of fetus via abdominal and uterine incision.

Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)

Techniques (percussion, vibration, postural drainage) to mobilize pulmonary secretions.

Cholecystectomy

Removal of the gallbladder, often laparoscopically.

Craniotomy

Surgical opening of the skull to access intracranial structures.

Dialysis (Hemodialysis)

Extracorporeal blood filtration to remove waste when kidneys fail.

Gastrectomy

Partial or total surgical removal of the stomach.

Hemorrhoidectomy

Surgical excision of hemorrhoids.

Hysterectomy

Removal of the uterus (may include cervix, ovaries).

Ileostomy

Creation of a stoma from the ileum to the abdominal wall for fecal diversion.

Intubation

Placement of endotracheal tube into the trachea to secure airway.

Mastectomy

Surgical removal of breast tissue, may be partial or total.

Needle Biopsy

Percutaneous sampling of tissue or fluid using a fine or core needle.

Nephrectomy

Surgical removal of a kidney (partial or radical).

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)

Resection of pancreatic head, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct.

Resection

Surgical removal of diseased tissue or organ segment.

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Removal of fallopian tube(s) and ovary(ies).

Salpingoplasty

Surgical repair or reconstruction of a fallopian tube.

Tracheostomy

Surgical opening in trachea with inserted tube for airway management.

Aortic Aneurysm

Localized dilation of the aorta ≥1.5× normal diameter.

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening and hardening of arterial walls.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to obstruction by gallstones.

Cystocele

Herniation of bladder into anterior vaginal wall.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation/infection of diverticula in colon.

Neuropathic Bladder

Bladder dysfunction due to neurologic impairment (e.g., spinal cord injury).

Osteomalacia

Softening of bones from vitamin D deficiency in adults.

Pilonidal Cyst/Sinus

Cyst or abscess near coccyx caused by ingrown hairs.

Rectocele

Herniation of rectum into posterior vaginal wall.

Rectovaginal Fistula

Abnormal connection between rectum and vagina.

Renal Calculus (Kidney Stone)

Solid crystallized mineral deposit in urinary tract.

Angiography (Cardiac, Pulmonary, Abdominal)

Radiographic visualization of blood vessels using contrast dye and X-ray imaging.

Arthroscopy

Minimally invasive endoscopic inspection of a joint (e.g., knee, shoulder) via a small camera and instruments.

Barium Enema (Lower GI Series)

Radiographic examination of the colon and rectum after instillation of barium contrast via enema.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Percutaneous sampling of bone marrow tissue, usually from the iliac crest, using a biopsy needle.

CSF Analysis (Lumbar Puncture)

Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to collect cerebrospinal fluid.

Cholangiogram/Cholangiography

Imaging of the bile ducts using contrast dye introduced during ERCP or via T-tube; can be intraoperative or endoscopic.

Colonoscopy

Endoscopic examination of the entire colon and distal ileum using a flexible colonoscope.

CT Scan (Abdomen, Adrenals, Brain, Chest, Kidney, Pelvis)

Cross-sectional imaging using computed tomography with or without contrast.

Cystoscopy

Endoscopic examination of the urethra and bladder using a cystoscope.

Echocardiography

Ultrasound imaging of the heart chambers, valves, and function; includes transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE).

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Recording of electrical activity of the brain via scalp electrodes.

EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)

Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

EKG/ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Surface recording of cardiac electrical activity.

EMG (Electromyogram)

Recording of electrical activity of muscles with needle electrodes.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

Combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic procedure to visualize bile and pancreatic ducts by injecting contrast via the ampulla of Vater.

Holter Monitor

Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring for 24-48 hours via a portable device.

IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram)

Radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder after IV injection of iodinated contrast.

Liver Biopsy

Percutaneous sampling of liver tissue using a biopsy needle.

Mammography

Low‑dose X‑ray imaging of breast tissue.

MRI (Open and Closed)

High‑resolution imaging using magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses.

Paracentesis

Percutaneous aspiration of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity.
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Nuclear medicine imaging using radiolabeled glucose analogs to assess metabolic activity.

Stress Test (Exercise and Pharmacologic)

Assessment of cardiac function under stress via treadmill/bicycle exercise or pharmacologic agents with ECG and imaging.

Thoracentesis

Needle aspiration of pleural fluid from the pleural space. Pleural Fluid Analysis

Ultrasound (General)

Noninvasive imaging using high-frequency sound waves to visualize organs and structures.

Venous Doppler Ultrasound (Extremity Studies)

Ultrasound evaluation of blood flow within veins using Doppler technology.

Upper GI Series

Radiographic study of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after oral ingestion of barium contrast.

Pulmonary Function Tests

Determines how much (volume) air is exchanged during breathing.

Chest Xray

Can evaluate if fluid is present in or around the lungs or heart; can evaluate collapsed areas of the lungs.

Capnography

Indirect measurement of blood flow through the lungs by measuring CO2 from exhaled breath. More sensitive to hypoventilation than SpO2.

Lung Scan/VQ scan

Radiologic test to evaluate for Pulmonary Embolism.

Thoracentesis

Physician inserts a needle into the thoracic space to remove fluid. Prep- Local anesthetic, invasive procedure can be done at the bedside.

Bronchoscopy

Endoscopic examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a flexible or rigid bronchoscope. Prep- NPO, Conscious sedation, Local anesthetic. Ensure return of reflexes (gag reflex) before offering oral fluid/meds after the procedure.

adip-/adipo-

fat

-desis

binding

melan-/melano-

black

men-/meno-

menstruation

-al

pertaining to

dextr-/dextro-

right, toward or on the right side

alge-/algesi-/algio-/algo-

pain

di-/dif-/dir-/dis-

separation, taking apart, reversal, not, un-

-meter

measurement, measuring device

Allo-

other, different

Duodeno-

duodenum

neur-/neuri-/neuro-

nerve, nervous system

-dynia

pain

-oid

resemblance to

Ambi-

around, on (both) sides, on all sides, both

An-

not, without, -less

encephal-/encephalo-

brain

oophor-/oophoro-/ovary-/ovario-

ovary

or-/ori-/oro-

mouth

Ana-

up, toward, apart

Esthesio-

sensation, perception

Andro-

male

Gluco-

glucose

-osis

process, condition, state

Ankylo-

crooked

-gram

a recording

ossi-/ost-/oste-/osteo-

bone

-arche

beginning

Granul-

granular, granule

-pexy

fixation, usually surgical

Granulo-

granular, granule