Bio test

When dehydrated human patients need to be given fluids intravenously, they are given:

Saline at a concentration that is isotonic with respect to body fluids.

The sodium ion is at the highest concentration in:

Extracellular fluid.

Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to:

Shrink due to water loss.

The macula densa is/are:

Cells present in the DCT and collecting tubules.

The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at:

300 mOsm.

The gland located at the top of the kidney is the gland:

Adrenal.

Active transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules ensures that:

Both a and b (water follows K+ to make urine, osmotic balance is maintained between waste matter and bodily fluids).

Contractile vacuoles in microorganisms:

Can perform many functions, one of which is excretion of metabolic wastes.

Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found in :

Flatworms.

BUN is :

Blood urea nitrogen.

Human beings accumulate before excreting nitrogenous waste:

Urea.

Renin is made by :

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Patients with Addison's disease :

Lose salts and water.

Which hormone elicits the “fight or flight” response?

Epinephrine.

Neurons contain , which can receive signals from other neurons:

dendrites

A(n) neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending directly from the cell body:

bipolar

Glia that provide myelin for neurons in the brain are called :

oligodendrocytes

Meningitis is a viral or bacterial infection of the brain. Which cell type is the first to have its function disrupted during meningitis?

microglia

For a neuron to fire an action potential, its membrane must reach :

the threshold of excitation

After an action potential, the opening of additional voltage-gated channels and the inactivation of sodium channels, cause the membrane to return to its resting membrane potential:

potassium

What is the term for protein channels that connect two neurons at an electrical synapse?

gap junction protein

Which of the following molecules is not involved in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential?

calcium cations

The lobe contains the visual cortex:

occipital

The connects the two cerebral hemispheres:

corpus callosum

Neurons in the control motor reflexes:

spinal cord

Phineas Gage was a 19th-century railroad worker who survived an accident that drove a large iron rod through his head. If the injury resulted in him becoming temperamental and capricious, what part of his brain was damaged?

frontal lobe

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:

an increased heart rate

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

brainstem

is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle:

Acetylcholine

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that release :

dopamine

medications are often used to treat patients with ADHD:

Stimulant

Strokes are often caused by :

blood clots or burst blood vessels

Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders?

all of the above

Why do many patients with neurodevelopmental disorders develop secondary disorders?

Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body

Which form of reproduction is thought to be best in a stable environment?

Asexual

Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?

Fragmentation

Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually?

Hermaphroditism

Genetically unique individuals are produced through .

Sexual reproduction

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment?

Aquatic

Which term applies to egg development within the female with nourishment derived from a yolk?

Ovoviviparity

Which term applies to egg development outside the female with nourishment derived from a yolk?

Oviparity

Sperm are produced in the .

Seminiferous tubules

Most of the semen is made by the in the reproductive system.

Seminal vesicles

Which of the following cells in spermatogenesis is diploid?

Primary spermatocyte

Which organ has the same embryonic origin as the penis?

Clitoris

Which organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby?

Uterus

How many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?

One

Which hormone causes Leydig cells to make testosterone?

LH

Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released?

GnRH

Which hormone signals ovulation?

LH

Which hormone causes the regrowth of the endometrial lining of the uterus?

Estrogen

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by:

Diffusion through the endometrium

Progesterone is made during the third trimester by the:

Placenta

Which of these methods is regarded as permanent contraception?

Sterilization

Which type of short term contraceptive method is generally more effective than others?

Hormonal

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor?

Oxytocin

Major organs begin to develop during which part of human gestation?

First trimester

Which of the following is false?

The trophoblast is a germ layer.

During cleavage, the mass of cells:

Does not change significantly

Which of the following gives rise to the skin cells?

Ectoderm

Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the skin?

Desiccation

Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen?

Viruses

Which organelle do phagocytes use to digest engulfed particles?

Lysosome

Which innate immune system component uses MHC I molecules directly in its defense strategy?

NK cells

Which of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell?

Macrophage

Which immune cells bind MHC molecules on APCs via CD8 coreceptors on their cell surfaces?

CTLs

What “self” pattern is identified by NK cells?

Missing self

The acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or destructive immune reaction to a harmless foreign particle, such as a food protein, is called .

Immune tolerance

Upon reexposure to a pathogen, a memory B cell can differentiate to which cell type?

Plasma cell

Foreign particles circulating in the blood are filtered by the .

Spleen

The structure of an antibody is similar to the extracellular component of which receptor?

BCR

The first antibody class to appear in the serum in response to a newly encountered pathogen is .

IgM

What is the most abundant antibody class detected in the serum upon reexposure to a pathogen or in reaction to a vaccine?

IgG

Breastfed infants typically are resistant to disease because of .

Passive immunity

Allergy to pollen is classified as:

Immediate hypersensitivity

A potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is .

Molecular mimicry

Autoantibodies are probably involved in:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Which of the following diseases is not due to autoimmunity?

HIV/AIDS