AP Euro Midterm Flashcards

Units 1-4

History vs. The Past

The past is everything that has occurred, history is the remembered past 

Predestination

God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved or damned (leaves little room for freewill) John Calvin believed this, the opposite is the Arminians who argue it is your choice, freewill, God doesn't have foreknowledge

Ptolemy

advances cosmology by arguing planets move in small circles called an epicycle

• he says the earth is round in his book called Geography and divides the earth into 360 degrees with major latitude marks

Agricultural Revolution

- was between the mid 17th century and the 19th century

- it was an increase in agricultural production because of an increase in labor and land productivity

Crop Rotation

soil was depleted so rotation saves the soil

Enclosure

plots of land

Transportation Improvements

more roads and canals to ship goods

Selective Breeding

chosing the best animals to raise/breed

Agricultural Products from America

a glut of agriculture, prices go down

Five events that allowed 17th-century thinkers to challenge the medieval view of the world

The discovery of the New World 

Invention of the printing press

Rivalry among nation-states

The Reformation - read more books 

Renaissance Humanism

William Harvey

discovered the circulation of blood through veins and arteries and was the first to explain the heart worked like a pump

Francis Bacon

 Focused on experimentation - argues new knowledge must be pursued by experimentation (something you can prove)

Invented Empiricism

Empiricism

theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation

Deductive Reasoning

 basic form of reasoning that starts with general statement of hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion

ex. Scientific Method

Inductive Reasoning

extracts likely but not certain premise from specific and linked observation

James the First

gets the throne of England and believed in divine right of King: said a persons property could not be taken without due process of law

- they both had issues with parliament and was made worse by war, Charles refuses to summon parliament

- bishops were his greatest supporters

- had long parliament 

Cottage Industry

work is contracted by the central agent to subcontractors who complete the project via remote work (mostly women)

Telescope

made by Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei

law of inertia, telescope: moons of jupiter, through the telescope he discovers that there are not crystal spheres or angels guiding them

Law of Inertia

states motion not rest is the natural state of an object and continues in motion forever unless stopped by an external force 

Humanism

an intellectual movement focused on human culture, philosophy, and literature

Protheoras

Man is the measure of all things

John Locke

all ideas are derived from experience, at birth the human mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa), nature vs nurture, human development is determined by external forces

Tabula Rasa

at birth the human mind is a “blank slate”

Sensationalism

all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions (the opposite of what descarte says)

Social Contract

the government exists by the consent of the people

Philosophes

thought that they brought intelligence to the unintelligent and they were great thinkers 

Martin Luther

argued it is your choice, freewill, God doesn't have foreknowledge (opposite of predestination)

he didnt believe in the indulgences the Catholic Church sold, so he wrote the 95 These and nailed them to the Church of Wittenberg

Peasants Revolt

he German people felt oppressed and abandoned Catholicism and obedience to authority

Glorious Revolution

Mary and William came to power without bloodshed

Absolutism

king holds all the power

Constitutionalism

the theory of state in which the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law 

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Abolished payment for indulgences

• Fazed out other corrupt practices 

- Defended sacramental practices 

- rooted out corruption in the church

- founded seminaries in order to train priests in the bible 

- focused on personal relationships with Christ, the focus is off the church 

- prosecutes individuals for crimes relating to religious doctrine or alternate beliefs 

Cardinal Richelieu

guides Louis X111 because he is 6-7 years old when his dad dies because he is too young but eventually takes total control 

Intendants

1. They would spy on people

2. Recruit men for the army 

3. Sap power from nobles

4. Supervised tax collection

5. Preside over the administration of local laws

6. Checked the power of the nobility 

7. Regulated economic activity 

Thomas Aquinas

he brings Aristotelian thought with Christian theology

• said a motionless earth was at the center of the universe and surrounding  it were ten separate concentric crystal spheres in which were embedded the sun, moon, planet, and stars, they believed angels are responsible for this because there was no alternate explanation until the scientific revolution 

Huguenots

french protestants

James the Second

had to call parliament when Scottish Calvinists revolted against Charles's religious policies and had to call them to obtain money to fund his army to put down the revolt and it came to be known as Long Parliament (1640-1680)

Experimentation

Europeans weren't the first to use _______ but were the first to separate scientific knowledge from philosophical and religious beliefs

Lutheranism

we are saved by faith alone, not by deeds 

Edict of Nantes

Henry XIV created it because he was a Huguenot turned Catholic and it allowed french protestants the right to worship in France but Louis rejected it and persecuted the Huguenots 

Dance of Death

it was a painting that showed people from all social classes being led to death/dying from the bubonic plaque 

Divine Right of Kings

Kings were chosen by God and had his blessing

Religious Toleration

the Huegenots wanted __________ and challenged absolutist authority and this played a role in the enlightenment

Francesco Petrarch

was a Florentine poet and scholar who wanted to recover the classical texts, and argued that a new system of education should begin where they studied ancient Roman authors

1. wanted people to write clearly

2. to argue effectively

3. speak persuasively

Liberal Arts

Renaissance

a french word meaning rebirth used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries 

• mainly found in Florence, Rome, and Venice

Andreas Vesalius

studies anatomy and dissects human bodies of executed criminals, he draws 200 diagrams of the human body and writes a book called on the structure of the human body that contains these diagrams 

English Bill of Rights

1) law made in parliament

- couldn't be suspended by the crown

2) parliament called every three years 

3) independent judiciary

- no one can intervene in courts 

4) Catholics could not possess arms

5) Catholics could not inherit the throne

6) freedom of worship to protestant dissenters 

- protestants on the fringe 

7) no freedom of worship for Catholics

Aristotle

called Earth the sublunar world because he didn't believe in spheres, said earth has four elements; fire, water, air, and earth, he noticed planets look like they're moving backwards 

The Four Elements

fire, water, air, and earth

Anabaptists

Radicals ran with Luther's ideas and rejected the idea of uniting church and state and sought to create a voluntary community of believers, others believed in communal ownership of property, religious toleration (you can be any religion you want, and intense individualism), also said the church should not be subordinate to secular authority: government can't tell you what religion to believe 

Mechanistic Universe

the universe is in motion on its own and follows laws and principles (Newton) 

Nicolaus Copernicus

argued the sun was the center of the universe and he pushes against Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle, catholics rejected his model of heliocentrism because the Catholic Church believes that the earth was the center of the universe according to evidence in the bible

The Fronde

Cardinal Jules Mazarin takes over because Louis X1V is too young, continues policies of Richelieu and wants to increase royal revenues because the country is plunged into riots, people were mad at what the Cardinals did and war broke out and Louis X1V had to leave France, the rebellions are called ______

William and Mary of Orange

started the Glorious Revolution by coming into english power without any bloodshed

Rene Descartes

took galileos idea (all elements of earth are composed by the same matter) and argued matter was made up of identical corpuscles (tiny particles) that collide together in an endless series of motions

 Louis the 13th

when he got the throne he was young so Cardinal Jules Mazarin takes over and that leads to the fronde. ______ is invited back and thinks he is a savior.

Patronage

high-ranked officers protected the low-ranked officers in exchange for their loyalty

French Classicism

art and literature of the age of Louis XIV, artists, and writers imitate subject matter and style of classical antiquity 

 Robert Boyle

founded the royal society in 1660 a scientific society by invitation only and they shared new ideas, his work leads to development of modern chemistry and he believed everything was made of atoms

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

created the social contract

Social Contract

general will and popular sovereignty

French Wars of Religion

war between the Catholics and Protestants started by the protestant reformation

Galen

argues the idea of the four humors - phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, and blood, these are soon proved to be wrong

Thirty Years’ War

Holy Roman Empire and Allies (Catholics) vs Sweden/England/France (Protestants)

Three Central Concepts of the Enlightenment

1. Reason

2. Scientific Method

3. Progress

Indulgences

if you paid money for these you would negate years in purgatory for yourself, Martin Luther soon disproved this, they were made to make money for the Catholic Church

Columbian Exchange

Travel of people and goods between the old and new worlds led to the exchange of animal, plants, and diseases

Johannes Kepler

assistant to Tycho and he found Tychos hypothesis wrong and then founded the three laws of planetary motion 

3 Laws of Planetary Motion

1. Orbits of planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular 

2. Planets do not move at uniform speed

- planets closer to the sun move faster 

3. Time required for planet to make complete orbit is related to distance from the

Constantinople

was destroyed then florence became the next center of the renaissance

Angels

a motionless earth was at the center of the universe and surrounding  it were ten separate concentric crystal spheres in which were embedded the sun, moon, planet, and stars, they believed angels are responsible for this because there was no alternate explanation until the scientific revolution 

Salvation by Faith Alone

Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses to the archbishop and nailed them onto the church of Wittenberg and it was taken, copied, and spread, they say

Gravity

Isaac Newton’s book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy formulated laws about gravity and believed God was involved in gravity 

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

written by Sir Isaac Newton, formulated laws about gravity and believed God was involved in gravity 

Reason

it was one of the central concepts of the enlightenment- nothing should be accepted on faith and everything submitted to a secular way of thinkin known as rationalism 

Peace of Westphalia

the thirty years war ended by signing the _________, catholics lost the war and had to sign

Oliver Cromwell

his military captures Charles the 1st and he will come into power are dissolve the parliament, he makes his own parliament, is called Lord Protector