ANAT101A-SY23-24-3 GROSS VETERINARY ANATOMY LEC

Flashcards containing key vocabulary terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life, capable of metabolism.

Metabolism

The sum total of all physical and chemical processes that take place in a living cell; includes anabolism and catabolism.

Anabolism

The constructive phase of metabolism.

Catabolism

The destructive phase of metabolism.

Germ Cells

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that divide through meiosis and contain haploid chromosomes (n).

Somatic Cells

All cells other than sperm and egg cells that divide through mitosis and contain a diploid number of chromosomes (2n).

Interphase

The longest and resting phase of the cell cycle, including G1, S, and G2 phases.

Prophase

The phase of cell division marked by condensation of nuclear material, disappearance of the nuclear envelope and nucleolus.

Metaphase

The phase of cell division where condensed chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate.

Anaphase

The phase of cell division where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Telophase

The phase of cell division where two daughter cells form, and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear.

Karyokinesis

The division of the nucleus or nuclear materials during cell division.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.

Cell Membrane

The principal cell barrier regulating inflow and outflow of cytoplasmic substances in animal cells.

Cell Wall

The rigid counterpart structure of the cell membrane, present only in plant cells.

Cytoplasm

The region within the cell where different cell organelles are suspended.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Organelle that synthesizes important substances including protein, lipid, steroid, and carbohydrates.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates.

Nucleus

The cell organelle that contains genetic material in the form of DNA.

Nuclear Membrane

The nuclear barrier that limits the passage of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that produces energy in the form of ATP through the Krebs cycle.

Centriole

Organelle that helps in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.

Nucleolus

Organelle that contains RNA; prominent in protein-synthesizing cells.

Chromosome

Structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA.

Golgi Apparatus

The packaging center of the cell; modifies and packages products synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum.

Vacuole

Storage for starch and glycogen in plant cells, and for minerals and proteins in animal cells.

Ribosome

Organelle that synthesizes proteins; can be free or bounded.

Tissues

Aggregate or group of cells with similar and coordinated functions.

Organs

Group of tissues.

Organ System

Group of organs.

Anatomy

Deals with normal body parts of the animal

Physiology

Deals with normal body functions in relation to body parts

Aristotle

Father of Biology

Hippocrates

Father of Human Medicine

Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

Father of Veterinary Medicine

Charles Darwin

Father of Evolution

Carolus von Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy or Systematic Classification of Organisms

Johann Gregor Mendel

Father of Genetics

Galen/Galenus of Pergamon

Father of Human Anatomy

Andreas Vesalus

Father of Comparative Anatomy

Louis Pasteur

Father of Foundations of Microbiology

Robert Koch

Father of Modern Microbiology

Rudolf Leuckart

Father of Parasitology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Protozoology

William Harvey

Father of Blood Circulation & Physiology; discovered the process of blood circulation

Rudolf Virchow

Father of Modern Pathology

Paracelsus

Grandfather of Pharmacology

Robert Hooke

1st to observe the cell under the microscope from corks in 1665

Schleiden & Schwann

postulated the cellular theory of life (all plants & animals are made up of cells)

Watson & Crick

discovered the double helical strand of the DNA structure in 1953

Anatomy

study of parts & structures of animals (vertebrates/higher forms of animals)

Morphology

deals with the forms usually of lower forms of animals (invertebrates)

Developmental Anatomy/Embryology

Deals with embryonic and fetal development of animals.

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Deals with the parts of the animals that are visible to the naked eye, no need for a microscope.

Osteology

study of bones

Myology

deals with muscles

Arthrology/Syndesmology

joints & articulation

Splanchnology

deals with visceral organs (internal organs of digestive, respiratory, & neurogential system)

Aethosiology

deals with special senses such as eyes & ears

Angiology

deals with circulatory structures

Neurology

deals with nervous structures

Microscopic Anatomy/Histology

Tissues or animal parts that are invisible to the naked eye.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy

Similarities and differences between body parts of the animals.

Longitudinal Median/Mid-Sagittal

situated at the longitudinal section of the body; divides the body in equal left & right halves; parts present in left side must be present in the right side

Sagittal/Tangential

parallel to the mid-sagittal plane; divides the body in unequal left & right halves

Transverse/Cross-Section/Horizontal

perpendicular to the mid-sagittal plane; divides the body into cranial & caudal parts (not necessarily placed in the middle; disregards if the body is sectioned in equal halves)

Frontal/Coronal/Dorsal

perpendicular to mid-sagittal & transverse; divides the body in (dorsal) upper & (ventral) lower parts

Dorsal

upper side of the body part; opposite of ventral

Ventral

lower side of the body part

Anterior/Cranial

parts towards or facing the head

Posterior/Caudal

parts towards or facing the tail

Rostral

cranial end of the head; cranial part of the head

Cephalic

refers to the head; any body part facing the head (developing brain)

Proximal

extremity near the midline

Distal

extremity away the midline

Medial

surface near the midline

Lateral

surface away from the midline

Superior

uppermost/above; parts towards the head

Inferior

lowermost/below; parts towards the feet/tail

Superficial/Cortical/Cortex

outer/peripheral region

Deep/Medullary/Medulla

central/internal region

Palmar

ventral/caudal surface of manus (hand)

Plantar

ventral/caudal surface of pes (feet)

Occlusal

surface in contact with upper & lower set of teeth

Labial

surface facing the lips

Lingual

surface facing the tongue