ANAT101A-SY23-24-3 GROSS VETERINARY ANATOMY LEC

Cell Biology Recap

  • Cell:
    • Basic structural and functional unit of life.
    • Performs physical and chemical processes for survival (metabolism).
  • Metabolism:
    • Total physical and chemical processes in a living cell.
    • Two phases:
      • Anabolism: Constructive phase.
      • Catabolism: Destructive phase.

Types of Cells

  • Germ Cells (Sex Cells):
    • Sperm (male) and egg (female).
    • Divide via meiosis producing daughter cells with haploid chromosomes (nn).
      • Sperm: Precursor in seminiferous tubules of testes.
      • Ova: Precursor in Graafian follicles.
  • Somatic Cells:
    • All cells excluding sperm and egg (e.g., skin, eyes).
    • Divide via mitosis resulting in daughter cells with diploid chromosomes (2n2n).
    • Forms the somatoplasm.

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: Longest, resting phase.
    • G1: Prior to DNA synthesis.
    • S: DNA synthesis occurs.
    • G2: After DNA synthesis, cell prepares for division.
  • Cell Division Phase:
    • Mitosis or Meiosis (depending on cell type).
    • Mtos refers to the spindle.

Mitosis and Meiosis Stages (PMAT)

  • Prophase:
    • Condensation of nuclear material.
    • Nucleus becomes smaller and darker.
    • Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear.
  • Metaphase:
    • Chromosomes align along the equatorial plate.
  • Anaphase:
    • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles via spindle fibers.
  • Telophase:
    • Formation of two daughter cells.
    • Reappearance of nuclear envelope/membrane and nucleolus.

Key Events During Cell Division

  • Occur in both Mitosis and Meiosis
    • Prophase in Meiosis is more prolonged
    • Karyokinesis: Division of the nucleus.
    • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.

Typical Parts of an Animal Cell

  • Cell Membrane:
    • Regulates inflow/outflow of cytoplasmic substances.
    • Present in animal cells.
  • Cell Wall:
    • Counterpart to cell membrane (plants only).
    • More rigid than cell membrane.
  • Cytoplasm:
    • Contains suspended cell organelles.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Synthesizes proteins, lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates.
      • Products may be released as hormones.
    • Two types:
      • Rough ER (RER): Synthesizes proteins.
      • Smooth ER (SER): Synthesizes lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates.
  • Nucleus:
    • Contains genetic material (DNA).
    • DNA is contained within chromosomes.
    • Extranuclear Genetic Material (EGM): DNA also found in mitochondria.
  • Nuclear Membrane:
    • Barrier controlling substance passage between nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Mitochondria:
    • Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP via the Krebs cycle.
  • Centriole:
    • Forms spindle fibers during cell division.
  • Nucleolus:
    • Contains RNA.
    • Prominence indicates protein synthesis.
  • Chromosome:
    • Contains genetic material (DNA).
  • Golgi Apparatus:
    • Packaging center of the cell.
    • Products from ER are transported to Golgi before release.
    • Well-developed RER, SER, and Golgi indicate a glandular nature.
  • Vacuole:
    • More prominent in plant cells.
    • Plant cells: Stores starch and glycogen.
    • Animal cells: Stores minerals, proteins.
  • Ribosome:
    • Synthesizes proteins.
    • Two types:
      • Free Ribosomes: Suspended in cytoplasm; for internal/cellular use.
      • Bounded Ribosomes: Attached to RER; proteins transported to Golgi, packaged, and exported.

Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

  • Tissue:
    • Aggregate of cells with similar, coordinated functions.
  • Organs:
    • Groups of tissues.
  • Organ System:
    • Groups of organs.
    • Organ systems make up a living organism

Number of Diploid Chromosomes in Animals

  • Dog: 78
  • Cat: 38
  • Sheep: 54
  • Goat: 60
  • Cattle: 60
  • Horse: 64
  • Hinny (Horse x Donkey): 63
  • Mule (Horse x Donkey): 63
  • Donkey: 62
  • Pig: 38
  • Barbary Sheep: 35
  • Mouse: 40
  • Rat: 42
  • Rooster: 78
  • Hen: 77
  • Rabbit: 44
  • Hamster: 22
  • Elephant: 56
  • Dove: 16
  • Guinea Pig: 64
  • Gold Fish: 94
  • Human: 46

General Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy

  • Veterinary Anatomy is a major subject in veterinary medicine.

Major Subjects in Veterinary Medicine

  1. Zootechniques: Animal production methods and techniques.
  2. Anatomy: Normal body parts of animals.
  3. Physiology: Normal body functions in relation to body parts.
  4. Microbiology: Microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi) and related diseases.
  5. Parasitology: Parasites (worms, insects, arachnids, protozoans).
  6. Pathology: Diseases as body responses to injuries and insults.
  7. Pharmacology: Drugs, dosages, and indications.
  8. Medicine and Surgery: Nature, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal diseases.

Important People in Science and Medicine

  • Aristotle: Father of Biology
  • Hippocrates: Father of Human Medicine
  • Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Father of Veterinary Medicine
  • Charles Darwin: Father of Evolution
  • Carolus von Linnaeus: Father of Taxonomy or Systematic Classification of Organisms
  • Johann Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics
  • Galen/Galenus of Pergamon: Father of Human Anatomy
  • Andreas Vesalus: Father of Comparative Anatomy
  • Louis Pasteur: Father of Foundations of Microbiology
  • Robert Koch: Father of Modern Microbiology
  • Rudolf Leuckart: Father of Parasitology
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Protozoology
  • William Harvey: Father of Blood Circulation & Physiology
  • Rudolf Virchow: Father of Modern Pathology
  • Paracelsus: Grandfather of Pharmacology
  • Robert Hooke: First to observe cells (cork, 1665)
  • Matthias Schleiden (botanist) & Theodore Schwann (zoologist):
    • Cellular theory of life (all organisms are made of cells).
  • Watson & Crick: Discovered the double helical structure of DNA (1953).
  • Hans & Zacharias Janssen: invented the 1st microscope.

Anatomy and Morphology

  • Anatomy:
    • Study of animal parts and structures (vertebrates).
  • Morphology:
    • Deals with forms, usually of invertebrates.

Scopes of Domestic Animal in Veterinary Anatomy

  • Horse, Cattle/Ox, Pig, Sheep, Goat, Dog, Cat, Chicken

Subdivisions of Anatomy

  • Developmental Anatomy/Embryology:
    • Embryonic and fetal development of animals.
  • Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy:
    • Visible parts of animals (naked eye).
    • Sub-branches:
      1. Osteology: Bones
      2. Myology: Muscles
      3. Arthrology/Syndesmology: Joints and articulations
      4. Splanchnology: Visceral organs (digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems)
      5. Aethosiology: Special senses (eyes, ears)
      6. Angiology: Circulatory structures
      7. Neurology: Nervous structures
  • Microscopic Anatomy/Histology:
    • Tissues and parts invisible to the naked eye.
  • Comparative Veterinary Anatomy:
    • Similarities and differences between animal body parts.

Planes of Section

  • Imaginary lines dividing the body.
  1. Longitudinal Median/Mid-Sagittal:
    • Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
  2. Sagittal/Tangential:
    • Parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.
    • Divides the body into unequal left and right halves.
  3. Transverse/Cross-Section/Horizontal:
    • Perpendicular to the mid-sagittal plane.
    • Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts.
  4. Frontal/Coronal/Dorsal:
    • Perpendicular to mid-sagittal and transverse planes.
    • Divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) parts.

Topography and Topographical Terms

  • Terms designating body surfaces and directions.

Head & Body/Trunk

  1. Dorsal: Upper side (opposite of ventral).
  2. Ventral: Lower side.
  3. Anterior/Cranial: Toward the head.
  4. Posterior/Caudal: Toward the tail.
  5. Rostral: Cranial end of the head.
    • Ethmoid Bone: Boundary of the rostral part of the body
  6. Cephalic: Referring to the head.

Extremities (Appendages)

  1. Proximal: Near the midline.
  2. Distal: Away from the midline.
  3. Medial: Surface near the midline.
  4. Lateral: Surface away from the midline.
  5. Anterior/Cranial
  6. Posterior/Caudal

Internal Organs

  1. Superior: Uppermost/above (toward the head).
  2. Inferior: Lowermost/below (toward the feet/tail).

Solid Organs (Non-Hollow)

  1. Superficial/Cortical/Cortex: Outer/peripheral region.
  2. Deep/Medullary/Medulla: Central/internal region.

Manus (Hand) & Pes (Feet)

  1. Palmar: Ventral/caudal surface of manus (hand).
  2. Plantar: Ventral/caudal surface of pes (feet).
  3. Volar: Dorsal aspect/surface of manus & pes.

Terms Applied to Surfaces of Teeth

  1. Occlusal: Surface in contact with upper and lower teeth.
  2. Labial: Surface facing the lips.
  3. Lingual: Surface facing the tongue.

External Parts of Domestic Animals

  • Parts of the limb in a horse and parts of a feather will be covered in Assignment 1.