Studied by 4 peopleIndo Aryans
________ wrote 4 books known as the Vedas- each with 1000s of sacred hymns.
Diseases
________- due to mosquitoes drawn to standing flood water.
Citadel
________- fortified area- center of government, religion or maybe both.
Mahabharata
________- worlds longest poem- conflict between loyalty to family and duty.
Upanishads
________- writings of these teachers- connection between heavenly forces and.
Jati
________- birth groups by occupation, each with their own rules & restrictions.
Bhagavad Gita
________- considered by some as Hinduisms most imp.text.
Sanskrit
The Vedas were written in ________- a language of sacred literature that was ancestor to English and other modern languages in India.
Starvation
________- cattle overgrazed and crops couldnt grow.
Monsoons
________ (seasonal winds) bring rain in the summer, agriculture depended on it.
India today
Castes in ________- law prohibiting discrimination based on caste.
Reincarnation
________- rebirth of a soul in new body.
Epic Poems
________- story of heroes told in verse /explain religious ideals & how to live.
Gurus
________- religious teachers- thought and discussed religious ideas.
Long term drought
________- climate change dried up the rivers.
Ramayana
________- importance of dharma (righteous action)
social classes
Society organized by castes- fixed ________ based on birth with specific rules of behavior.
Moksha
________- liberation from reincarnation, joining Brahman, the purpose of life.
Karma
________- effect of a persons actions in this and in previous life.
Brahman
________- one supreme cosmic consciousness, spiritual force, or God.
Way of Meditation
________- mind can be disciplined with spiritual practices like yoga.
Bad karma
________ will bring suffering in a next life, good will lead to a clearer path.
Religion
________- No evidence of temples or religious activities.
Hinduism
________ based on word ________- name given to people of India by Persian traders.
Early Hinduism
________ (Brahmanism)- based on rituals to Brahman given by the priests.
Way of Devotion
________- worshiping /offerings to the Hindu Gods or Goddesses.
Indus & Saraswati Rivers
NW India / location of Indias 1st civilization
Religion
No evidence of temples or religious activities
Cities well planned and organized
grid pattern with straight streets
No evidence of royal statues or tombs
kings unlikely
Rich in resources
trade by sea to Mesopotamia (stone/clay seals as evidence)
Diseases
due to mosquitoes drawn to standing flood water
Starvation
cattle overgrazed and crops couldnt grow
Earthquake
changed course of river
Long term drought
climate change dried up the rivers
Might be Indias original inhabitants
no mention of migrating in the Vedas
Or from Central Asia
migrated into India with their livestock, mixed with local people and local beliefs to create the Indo-Aryans
Spread east across the Ganges plain
formed towns and cities
Indo-Aryans wrote 4 books known as the Vedas
each with 1000s of sacred hymns
The Vedas were written in Sanskrit
a language of sacred literature that was ancestor to English and other modern languages in India
Society organized by castes
fixed social classes based on birth with specific rules of behavior
Four varnas (groupings based on skill)
Brahmins (priests and teachers) represent a higher caste than even the rulers, those that work with their hands (Sudras) represent the bottom
jati
birth groups by occupation, each with their own rules & restrictions
Costs of caste system
limit individual freedoms, pattern of lives fixed at birth
Benefits of caste
help India develop by stability, diff
Castes in India today
law prohibiting discrimination based on caste
-Hinduism based on word Hindu
name given to people of India by Persian traders
-Early Hinduism (Brahmanism)
based on rituals to Brahman given by the priests
peoples lives
questions of life and death / right and wrong
Epic Poems
story of heroes told in verse / explain religious ideals & how to live
Ramayana
importance of dharma (righteous action)
Bhagavad-Gita
considered by some as Hinduisms most imp.text
Brahman
one supreme cosmic consciousness, spiritual force, or God
Every person is born with a soul
also a form of Brahman
Reincarnation
rebirth of a soul in new body
Karma
effect of a persons actions in this and in previous life
Living a good & successful life
earning a livelihood with dignity
Doing things that bring pleasure
like eating good food, taking a hot bath
Moksha
liberation from reincarnation, joining Brahman, the purpose of life
Way of Knowledge
true understanding of ones soul and oneness with Brahman
Way of Works
religious rituals and duties to improve karma
Way of Devotion
worshiping / offerings to the Hindu Gods or Goddesses
Way of Meditation
mind can be disciplined with spiritual practices like yoga
Its flexibility
all gods as forms of a single, supreme God
People can pray and make offerings when convenient
even shrines @home
Note 
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