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HM case study
A study focused on a young man who lost the ability to form new declarative memories after his hippocampus was removed.
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to create new memories after a brain injury.
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to recall memories from before a brain injury.
Three stages of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding
The process of processing information for storage in memory.
Storage
The neural process that allows encoded information to be stored in memory.
Retrieval
The act of recalling stored information when needed.
Sensory memory
The shortest-duration memory that stores sensations temporarily, such as sights and sounds.
Short term memory (working memory)
A type of memory that requires rehearsal to retain information temporarily.
Hippocampus
A brain area critical for forming new memories.
Declarative memory
Memories that can be consciously recalled, like facts and events.
Nondeclarative memory
Memories that are not consciously recalled, such as skills and habits.
Working memory
A memory system that is actively processing and temporarily storing information.
LTP (Long Term Potentiation)
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength associated with memory formation.
LTD (Long Term Depression)
A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength, affecting memory processes.
Extinction
The process in which memories are diminished or disappear.
Emotion
An increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by characteristic feelings and behaviors.
Six basic emotions
Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness.
Autonomic nervous system in emotion
Regulates physiological responses during emotional arousal and recovery.
James Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotional experience results from physiological arousal.
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Emotion identity arises from cognitive assessment of the situation and arousal type.
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that activate both during action and while observing that action in others.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Brain area important for attention, cognitive processing, and emotion.
Prefrontal Cortex
Brain region critical for rational decision-making and judgment.
Amygdala
Brain structure involved in emotion processing, especially negative emotions.
Stress
A condition that places unusual demands on an organism and influences its response.
Adaptive stress response
Involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis.
Stress and immune system relationship
Brief stress can enhance immune system activity, while chronic stress can impair it.
Leukocytes
White blood cells that recognize and attack invading pathogens.
Macrophage
Cells that ingest and destroy intruders in the body.
Negative effects of stress
Includes interference with memory, changes in appetite, mood disruptions, and decreased energy.
Implicit memories
a type of long-term memory that's acquired and used without conscious awareness
Semantic memory
a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language
Blocking dopamine receptors
inhibits learning
The limbic system
responsible for regulating emotions, behavior, motivation, and memory
Brain structures of the limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate cortex, and the basal ganglia
This brain area is activated as a result of disgusting stimuli
the insula
