Quest 2

HM case study

A study focused on a young man who lost the ability to form new declarative memories after his hippocampus was removed.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to create new memories after a brain injury.

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to recall memories from before a brain injury.

Three stages of memory

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Encoding

The process of processing information for storage in memory.

Storage

The neural process that allows encoded information to be stored in memory.

Retrieval

The act of recalling stored information when needed.

Sensory memory

The shortest-duration memory that stores sensations temporarily, such as sights and sounds.

Short term memory (working memory)

A type of memory that requires rehearsal to retain information temporarily.

Hippocampus

A brain area critical for forming new memories.

Declarative memory

Memories that can be consciously recalled, like facts and events.

Nondeclarative memory

Memories that are not consciously recalled, such as skills and habits.

Working memory

A memory system that is actively processing and temporarily storing information.

LTP (Long Term Potentiation)

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength associated with memory formation.

LTD (Long Term Depression)

A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength, affecting memory processes.

Extinction

The process in which memories are diminished or disappear.

Emotion

An increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by characteristic feelings and behaviors.

Six basic emotions

Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness.

Autonomic nervous system in emotion

Regulates physiological responses during emotional arousal and recovery.

James Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotional experience results from physiological arousal.

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Emotion identity arises from cognitive assessment of the situation and arousal type.

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that activate both during action and while observing that action in others.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Brain area important for attention, cognitive processing, and emotion.

Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region critical for rational decision-making and judgment.

Amygdala

Brain structure involved in emotion processing, especially negative emotions.

Stress

A condition that places unusual demands on an organism and influences its response.

Adaptive stress response

Involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis.

Stress and immune system relationship

Brief stress can enhance immune system activity, while chronic stress can impair it.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that recognize and attack invading pathogens.

Macrophage

Cells that ingest and destroy intruders in the body.

Negative effects of stress

Includes interference with memory, changes in appetite, mood disruptions, and decreased energy.

Implicit memories

a type of long-term memory that's acquired and used without conscious awareness

Semantic memory

a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language

Blocking dopamine receptors

inhibits learning

The limbic system

responsible for regulating emotions, behavior, motivation, and memory

Brain structures of the limbic system

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate cortex, and the basal ganglia

This brain area is activated as a result of disgusting stimuli

the insula