Identification Terms - Period 3 and Period 4

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• rebellion started in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region to drive British out of the area

• after the British won the French and Indian war, the Natives looked for another way to hold on to their land

• to establish peaceful relations, Britain passed the Proclamation of 1763

Virtual Representation

• idea that Parliament deserved to speak for all British subjects and not just the district that elected them

• only 1/3 of Englishmen had voting rights, so this established that voting was not critical to the concept of representation

• very different than American representative ideas of “no taxation without representation”

Proclamation of 1763

• act passed by Britain that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• Native resistance to colonists moving westward through Pontiac’s rebellion

• colonists, especially in the west of the northern colonies, were angry they couldn’t move west

Iroquois Confederation

• also the Iroquois League or Five Nations

• these tribes accepted The Great Law of Peace that allowed them to work together to better themselves

• they had significant power in New York through the Ohio Valley until after the Revolutionary War

• often fought “mourning wars” where the captives were taken into the Iroquois tribe

Stamp Act Congress

• a reaction to the Stamp Act which taxed for revenue without representation from the colonies

• 9/13 colonies had representatives meet in New York to fight back

• adopted a declaration of rights which showed signs of colonial unity

• formed The Association which helped enforce non-importation agreements

• The Association successfully got the Stamp Act repealed in 1766

Boston Tea Party

• December 16, 1773 at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts

• American colonists dressed as Natives were angry at Britain for taxing without representation so they dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor

• response to the Tea Act of 1773 which gave the British East India Team company monopoly over selling tea in the colonies and this undermined smugglers

• after, England passed the Coercive Acts (known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) which made the colonies desire independence even more

Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770 outside of the Boston customs house

• angry colonists were throwing objects at British soldiers

• eventually British fought back and killed 5 colonists and injured more

• it was a reaction to increased taxes imposed by the Townshend Acts and British troops stationed in Boston

• led to the first case where reasonable doubt was used as a defense

Committees of Correspondence

• groups or governments established in the American colonies to take joint action against the British

• formed because of a need for unity against the British

• helped unify colonies and enforce boycotts of various English goods

Sons of Liberty

• American patriots like Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere

• a group that used violent and non-violent methods to harass British officials and loyalists

• organized boycotts and nonimportation agreements with the Daughters of Liberty

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

• series of essays written by John Dickinson

• all essays were signed “A Farmer”

• argued that Parliament could regulate trade but not tax for revenue

• helped turn colonial opinion against the Townshend Acts

First Continental Congress

• 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia in 1774 to discuss a unified response to Intolerable Acts

• created The Association to enforce boycotts

• issued a Declaration of Rights disputing British Parliament’s right to tax the colonies but not yet calling for independence

• formed because of a need for unification to stop British taxes for revenue purposes

• unified colonies against Intolerable Acts

Second Continental Congress

• meeting of all 13 colonies in 1775

• here, the Continental Congress took over the duties of a functioning federal government

• established Continental Army

• recommended that the colonies draft new constitutions, drafted a Declaration of Independence

• led to first real discussion of breaking free from Britain

Articles of Confederation

• agreement of the 13 original colonies to create a federal government with equal representation for each colony and the federal government would have limited power

• created during the Revolutionary war

• accomplished the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• no executive or judicial branches

• written because of a belief that a stronger government was needed to defeat Britain

John Locke

• English philosopher during the Enlightenment

• influenced ideas that led to the American Revolution

• wrote “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” which said humans were born as a blank slate and human experiences effected their future character

• wrote “Two Treatises of Government” that denied divine right of kings and described democratic ideas

Bill of Rights

• written by James Madison

• wanted to quell Antifederalist fears that the new federal government would oppress states and peoples rights

• first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect rights of conscience, rights of the accused, rights of property

• limits on federal power

Adam Smith

• Scottish economist

• father of modern economics

• argued against mercantilism

• wrote “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” in 1759 which proposed free-markets that were self-regulating, the book was based on laws of competition, supply and demand, and self-interest

• wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 which stated that humans were self-serving by nature but this will lead to the material needs of society always being met

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• plan proposed by Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury

• proposed how to make the new country financially stable and give the federal government power to bind the states together

• argued that the federal government should assume all of the states debts linking citizenry to the federal government

• argued for the creation of a national bank to establish a universal currency

• argued use of tariffs to raise revenue

Proclamation of Neutrality

• issued by George Washington in 1793

• declared out neutrality in the war between France and Britain

• Washington believed the country was too young and weak to enter another war

• pleased Hamilton who believed we’d benefit economically from helping the British

• angered Jefferson who believed we owed it to the French for their help in the Revolutionary War

• caused Jefferson to resign as secretary of state

Battle of Fallen Timbers

• 1794

• final battle in the Northwest Indian Wars

• upon losing, the Natives were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795

• this gave Americans control of the Northwest Territory

Shay’s Rebellion

• 1786-1787

• uprising in western Massachusetts

• led by Daniel Shays, former Revolutionary War soldier and farmer

• it was over high taxes on land in an economic downtime

• major concerns were farm foreclosures, debtors prison, poll taxes, and desire for paper currency

• convinced many of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and need for a stronger federal government

Alien and Sedition Acts

• passed by Federalist congress

• Alien Acts increased the time you have to live in the US before becoming a citizen from 5 to 14 years

• Alien Acts allowed the deportation of non-citizens for behaving suspiciously or if they were from a country the US was at war with

• Sedition Acts criminalized harsh or malicious speech against the US government

• this challenged right to free speech

• used against Democratic-Republican newspapers who were critical of John Adams and the Federalists

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in secret to the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Virginia Resolutions - Madison argued that a state could act as a buffer between the Federal government and the citizen (interpose)

• Madison argued the Alien and Sedition Acts infringed on the rights of free speech and press

• Kentucky Resolutions - Jefferson argued that a state could cancel, repeal, or nullify a federal act if it’s unconstitutional

• this would be a cornerstone of southern beliefs leading into the Civil War

Jay’s Treaty

• 1795

• meant to avoid between brought into war between England and France

• called for evacuation of British forces out of the American Northwest, repayment of American debts owed to Britain

• agreed to cease trading with France until the war ended

• was interpreted as Pro-Britain and disliked by the French and Democratic-Republicans

Pinckney’s Treaty

• 1795

• aka Treaty of San Lorenzo

• between Spain and the US

• gave Americans navigation rights of the Mississippi River and use of the port of New Orleans

• Spain agreed out of fear of an English-American alliance because of Jay’s Treaty

• helped American settlement move west towards the Mississippi River boundary

Land Ordinance 1785

• established the division of the Northwest Territory into 5 future states

• Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

• divided regions into sellable plots

• reserved 1 of every 36 plots to build schools

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• established a government for the Northwest Territory

• set up guidelines for admitting new states

• listed a Bill of Rights for the territory

• banned slavery in the Northwest Territory

• established federal expansion of the United States instead of state expansion

• set the precedent that the federal government could limit the expansion of slavery

McCulloch v Maryland

• 1819

• a second national bank system was chartered as part of Henry Clay’s American system

• southern states challenged the constitutionality

• Maryland attempted to tax the Maryland branch of the national bank in this ruling

• “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

• ruled that the national bank is constitutional and the state could not tax it based on supremacy clause

Marbury v Madison

• 1803

• arose from Adam’s “midnight appointees, or midnight judges”

• established the precedence of judicial review

• gave the Supreme Court the power to declare an act of congress or the executive branch unconstitutional

• made the Supreme Court the main interpreter of the constitution and helped carve out power for federal government

Worcester v Georgia

• 1832

• court ruling that ruled states did not have rights over Indian land

• precipitated by Georgia’s arrest of two missionaries who entered Cherokee land without a state license

• part of the nullification crisis including South Carolina’s attempt to nullify federal tariffs and potentially secede from the Union

Embargo Act

• 1807

• part of the Jefferson presidency

• officially closed all US ports from exports and limited importation of British goods

• an attempt to avoid being dragged into Napoleonic wars between Britain and France

• crippled the American economy and increased smuggling

• eventually gets repealed by Jefferson administration

• helps lead to the American industrial revolution

The American System

• 1815

• proposed by Henry Clay

• proposed a protective tariff, a second national bank, and federal funding of internal improvements (this part did not pass)

• helped unify the country and set up the growth of the market system

David Walker

• abolitionist/anti-slavery advocate who wrote the pamphlet “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829”

• denounced slavery and colonization

• called for active resistance and rebellion

• inspired a more active anti-slavery movement but also stronger southern laws to take away slaves rights

• made south fear potential slave uprisings

The Missouri Compromise

• also known as the Compromise of 1820

• authored by Henry Clay

• admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

• kept the balance of slave and free states equal in the Senate

• created the 36 30 line to the territory included in the Louisiana Purchase

• allowed slavery bellow the line and everything above would not allow slavery

• Missouri WAS a slave state

Second Great Awakening

• religious revival from 1790-1840

• spark in religious belief helped create many reform movements in the US like abolition, temperance, and prison reform

• key leaders were Charles G Finney, Timothy Dwight, Henry Ward Beecher, and Lyman Beecher

• camp meetings were popular conversion methods on the frontier

• New York became known as the burned over district because of many revivals that came through there

American Colonization Society

• group formed in 1817

• wanted to send free African Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the US

• in 1822 they established a colony for this which became the independent nation of Liberia in 1847

• early abolitionist group and illustrated the debate of could the US integrate its slave population

Cult of Domesticity

• aka the Cult of True Womanhood

• a belief system that said a woman’s proper place was in the home taking care of the husband, children, and house

• most associated with middle and upper class white women

• showed class distinction

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823

• by President James Monroe to Congress

• laid out guidelines to foreign policy for the US and Europe

• three main provisions:

• 1. The US will not interfere in European affairs

• 2. The US will not interfere with European colonies in the Western Hemisphere

• 3. The Western Hemisphere is closed to colonization

Hartford Convention

• meeting of Federalists in 1814 to discuss potential constitution amendments to protect them from the federal power of the Democratic-Republicans

• called for an end to the 3/5s clause and now slaves would count as 0 people

• voted to declare war, admit new states, and restrict trade

• tried to limit power of slaveholding states

• ultimately led to the death of the Federalist party

Nullification Crisis

• sparked by South Carolina’s decision to nullify the Tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) and the Tariff of 1832

• standoff between Andrew Jackson’s federal government and the the state government of South Carolina

• congress passed the Force Bill allowing Jackson to collect the tariff

• also passed a compromise tariff agreeable to South Carolina which meant the Force Bill did not have to be implemented

• occurred while there was conflict between Georgia, the Cherokee tribe, and the Supreme Court

Tallmadge Amendment

• proposed by James Tallmadge

• an addition to Missouri’s petition to enter the union as a slave state

• would have eventually ended slavery in Missouri, making it a free state

• it never passed but convinced southerners of the importance of keeping a slave state/free state balance in the Senate

• created more southern fear of the abolitionist movement

War Hawks

• led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

• trying to direct the nation to a war with Britain

• they argued that the British were arming the Indian resistance in the West

• they wanted to invade British Canada

• they wanted to take Florida from the Spanish

• part of a young America movement that marked American territorial expansion and the growth of a market economy

Indian Removal Act

• passed by Congress in 1830

• allowed the federal government to give Native Americans lands west of the Mississippi for lands within state borders

• set the stage for the Trail of Tears

• led to Congress giving the Cherokee 5 million dollars and land in Oklahoma to give up 7 million acres of ancestral land