Studied by 75 people
Pontiac’s Rebellion
rebellion started in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region to drive British out of the area
after the British won the French and Indian war, the Natives looked for another way to hold on to their land
to establish peaceful relations, Britain passed the Proclamation of 1763
Virtual Representation
idea that Parliament deserved to speak for all British subjects and not just the district that elected them
only 1/3 of Englishmen had voting rights, so this established that voting was not critical to the concept of representation
very different than American representative ideas of “no taxation without representation”
Proclamation of 1763
act passed by Britain that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
Native resistance to colonists moving westward through Pontiac’s rebellion
colonists, especially in the west of the northern colonies, were angry they couldn’t move west
Iroquois Confederation
also the Iroquois League or Five Nations
these tribes accepted The Great Law of Peace that allowed them to work together to better themselves
they had significant power in New York through the Ohio Valley until after the Revolutionary War
often fought “mourning wars” where the captives were taken into the Iroquois tribe
Stamp Act Congress
a reaction to the Stamp Act which taxed for revenue without representation from the colonies
9/13 colonies had representatives meet in New York to fight back
adopted a declaration of rights which showed signs of colonial unity
formed The Association which helped enforce non-importation agreements
The Association successfully got the Stamp Act repealed in 1766
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773 at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts
American colonists dressed as Natives were angry at Britain for taxing without representation so they dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor
response to the Tea Act of 1773 which gave the British East India Team company monopoly over selling tea in the colonies and this undermined smugglers
after, England passed the Coercive Acts (known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) which made the colonies desire independence even more
Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770 outside of the Boston customs house
angry colonists were throwing objects at British soldiers
eventually British fought back and killed 5 colonists and injured more
it was a reaction to increased taxes imposed by the Townshend Acts and British troops stationed in Boston
led to the first case where reasonable doubt was used as a defense
Committees of Correspondence
groups or governments established in the American colonies to take joint action against the British
formed because of a need for unity against the British
helped unify colonies and enforce boycotts of various English goods
Sons of Liberty
American patriots like Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere
a group that used violent and non-violent methods to harass British officials and loyalists
organized boycotts and nonimportation agreements with the Daughters of Liberty
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
series of essays written by John Dickinson
all essays were signed “A Farmer”
argued that Parliament could regulate trade but not tax for revenue
helped turn colonial opinion against the Townshend Acts
First Continental Congress
12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia in 1774 to discuss a unified response to Intolerable Acts
created The Association to enforce boycotts
issued a Declaration of Rights disputing British Parliament’s right to tax the colonies but not yet calling for independence
formed because of a need for unification to stop British taxes for revenue purposes
unified colonies against Intolerable Acts
Second Continental Congress
meeting of all 13 colonies in 1775
here, the Continental Congress took over the duties of a functioning federal government
established Continental Army
recommended that the colonies draft new constitutions, drafted a Declaration of Independence
led to first real discussion of breaking free from Britain
Articles of Confederation
agreement of the 13 original colonies to create a federal government with equal representation for each colony and the federal government would have limited power
created during the Revolutionary war
accomplished the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
no executive or judicial branches
written because of a belief that a stronger government was needed to defeat Britain
John Locke
English philosopher during the Enlightenment
influenced ideas that led to the American Revolution
wrote “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” which said humans were born as a blank slate and human experiences effected their future character
wrote “Two Treatises of Government” that denied divine right of kings and described democratic ideas
Bill of Rights
written by James Madison
wanted to quell Antifederalist fears that the new federal government would oppress states and peoples rights
first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect rights of conscience, rights of the accused, rights of property
limits on federal power
Adam Smith
Scottish economist
father of modern economics
argued against mercantilism
wrote “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” in 1759 which proposed free-markets that were self-regulating, the book was based on laws of competition, supply and demand, and self-interest
wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 which stated that humans were self-serving by nature but this will lead to the material needs of society always being met
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
plan proposed by Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury
proposed how to make the new country financially stable and give the federal government power to bind the states together
argued that the federal government should assume all of the states debts linking citizenry to the federal government
argued for the creation of a national bank to establish a universal currency
argued use of tariffs to raise revenue
Proclamation of Neutrality
issued by George Washington in 1793
declared out neutrality in the war between France and Britain
Washington believed the country was too young and weak to enter another war
pleased Hamilton who believed we’d benefit economically from helping the British
angered Jefferson who believed we owed it to the French for their help in the Revolutionary War
caused Jefferson to resign as secretary of state
Battle of Fallen Timbers
1794
final battle in the Northwest Indian Wars
upon losing, the Natives were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795
this gave Americans control of the Northwest Territory
Shay’s Rebellion
1786-1787
uprising in western Massachusetts
led by Daniel Shays, former Revolutionary War soldier and farmer
it was over high taxes on land in an economic downtime
major concerns were farm foreclosures, debtors prison, poll taxes, and desire for paper currency
convinced many of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and need for a stronger federal government
Alien and Sedition Acts
passed by Federalist congress
Alien Acts increased the time you have to live in the US before becoming a citizen from 5 to 14 years
Alien Acts allowed the deportation of non-citizens for behaving suspiciously or if they were from a country the US was at war with
Sedition Acts criminalized harsh or malicious speech against the US government
this challenged right to free speech
used against Democratic-Republican newspapers who were critical of John Adams and the Federalists
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in secret to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia Resolutions - Madison argued that a state could act as a buffer between the Federal government and the citizen (interpose)
Madison argued the Alien and Sedition Acts infringed on the rights of free speech and press
Kentucky Resolutions - Jefferson argued that a state could cancel, repeal, or nullify a federal act if it’s unconstitutional
this would be a cornerstone of southern beliefs leading into the Civil War
Jay’s Treaty
1795
meant to avoid between brought into war between England and France
called for evacuation of British forces out of the American Northwest, repayment of American debts owed to Britain
agreed to cease trading with France until the war ended
was interpreted as Pro-Britain and disliked by the French and Democratic-Republicans
Pinckney’s Treaty
1795
aka Treaty of San Lorenzo
between Spain and the US
gave Americans navigation rights of the Mississippi River and use of the port of New Orleans
Spain agreed out of fear of an English-American alliance because of Jay’s Treaty
helped American settlement move west towards the Mississippi River boundary
Land Ordinance 1785
established the division of the Northwest Territory into 5 future states
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
divided regions into sellable plots
reserved 1 of every 36 plots to build schools
Northwest Ordinance 1787
established a government for the Northwest Territory
set up guidelines for admitting new states
listed a Bill of Rights for the territory
banned slavery in the Northwest Territory
established federal expansion of the United States instead of state expansion
set the precedent that the federal government could limit the expansion of slavery
McCulloch v Maryland
1819
a second national bank system was chartered as part of Henry Clay’s American system
southern states challenged the constitutionality
Maryland attempted to tax the Maryland branch of the national bank in this ruling
“the power to tax is the power to destroy”
ruled that the national bank is constitutional and the state could not tax it based on supremacy clause
Marbury v Madison
1803
arose from Adam’s “midnight appointees, or midnight judges”
established the precedence of judicial review
gave the Supreme Court the power to declare an act of congress or the executive branch unconstitutional
made the Supreme Court the main interpreter of the constitution and helped carve out power for federal government
Worcester v Georgia
1832
court ruling that ruled states did not have rights over Indian land
precipitated by Georgia’s arrest of two missionaries who entered Cherokee land without a state license
part of the nullification crisis including South Carolina’s attempt to nullify federal tariffs and potentially secede from the Union
Embargo Act
1807
part of the Jefferson presidency
officially closed all US ports from exports and limited importation of British goods
an attempt to avoid being dragged into Napoleonic wars between Britain and France
crippled the American economy and increased smuggling
eventually gets repealed by Jefferson administration
helps lead to the American industrial revolution
The American System
1815
proposed by Henry Clay
proposed a protective tariff, a second national bank, and federal funding of internal improvements (this part did not pass)
helped unify the country and set up the growth of the market system
David Walker
abolitionist/anti-slavery advocate who wrote the pamphlet “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829”
denounced slavery and colonization
called for active resistance and rebellion
inspired a more active anti-slavery movement but also stronger southern laws to take away slaves rights
made south fear potential slave uprisings
The Missouri Compromise
also known as the Compromise of 1820
authored by Henry Clay
admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
kept the balance of slave and free states equal in the Senate
created the 36 30 line to the territory included in the Louisiana Purchase
allowed slavery bellow the line and everything above would not allow slavery
Missouri WAS a slave state
Second Great Awakening
religious revival from 1790-1840
spark in religious belief helped create many reform movements in the US like abolition, temperance, and prison reform
key leaders were Charles G Finney, Timothy Dwight, Henry Ward Beecher, and Lyman Beecher
camp meetings were popular conversion methods on the frontier
New York became known as the burned over district because of many revivals that came through there
American Colonization Society
group formed in 1817
wanted to send free African Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the US
in 1822 they established a colony for this which became the independent nation of Liberia in 1847
early abolitionist group and illustrated the debate of could the US integrate its slave population
Cult of Domesticity
aka the Cult of True Womanhood
a belief system that said a woman’s proper place was in the home taking care of the husband, children, and house
most associated with middle and upper class white women
showed class distinction
Monroe Doctrine
1823
by President James Monroe to Congress
laid out guidelines to foreign policy for the US and Europe
three main provisions:
1. The US will not interfere in European affairs
2. The US will not interfere with European colonies in the Western Hemisphere
3. The Western Hemisphere is closed to colonization
Hartford Convention
meeting of Federalists in 1814 to discuss potential constitution amendments to protect them from the federal power of the Democratic-Republicans
called for an end to the 3/5s clause and now slaves would count as 0 people
voted to declare war, admit new states, and restrict trade
tried to limit power of slaveholding states
ultimately led to the death of the Federalist party
Nullification Crisis
sparked by South Carolina’s decision to nullify the Tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) and the Tariff of 1832
standoff between Andrew Jackson’s federal government and the the state government of South Carolina
congress passed the Force Bill allowing Jackson to collect the tariff
also passed a compromise tariff agreeable to South Carolina which meant the Force Bill did not have to be implemented
occurred while there was conflict between Georgia, the Cherokee tribe, and the Supreme Court
Tallmadge Amendment
proposed by James Tallmadge
an addition to Missouri’s petition to enter the union as a slave state
would have eventually ended slavery in Missouri, making it a free state
it never passed but convinced southerners of the importance of keeping a slave state/free state balance in the Senate
created more southern fear of the abolitionist movement
War Hawks
led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
trying to direct the nation to a war with Britain
they argued that the British were arming the Indian resistance in the West
they wanted to invade British Canada
they wanted to take Florida from the Spanish
part of a young America movement that marked American territorial expansion and the growth of a market economy
Indian Removal Act
passed by Congress in 1830
allowed the federal government to give Native Americans lands west of the Mississippi for lands within state borders
set the stage for the Trail of Tears
led to Congress giving the Cherokee 5 million dollars and land in Oklahoma to give up 7 million acres of ancestral land
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Flashcard (56)