BI 151 Final Exam

photosynthesis

conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

ionic bonding

transfer of electrons

covalent bonding

results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms

anion

negative ion

cation

positive ion

characteristics of life

order, response, reproduction, growth & development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, adaption, evolution

chemical bond

the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together

why is carbon the molecule of life?

it can form large complex molecules, can determined function of molecules based on shape

dehydration synthesis

loss of water as 2 polymers are linked

hydrolysis

uses water to break a bond between 2 polymers

4 types of macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

sugars and storage molecules

lipids

energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

proteins

nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

nucleic acid

macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

monomers of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

monomers of proteins

amino acids

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotides

polymer of lipids

triglyceride

polymer of protein

polypeptide

polymer of carbohydrates

disaccharide, polysaccharide

polymer of nucleic acids

polynucleotide

function of proteins

growth and repair

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy

function of nucleic acid

store and transmit genetic information

components of all cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

major oranganelles in eukaryotic cells

nucleus, plasma membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, golgi, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus

function of nucleus

directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

function of SER

synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

function of RER

provide a large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins. Provide a pathway for the transport of materials.

function of golgi

packages proteins

function of mitochondria

responsible for ATP production

function of chloroplast

contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

simple diffusion

passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

passive movement through the cell membrane with the help of a protein

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

active transport

uses energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient

bulk transport

transports large molecules and solid clumps of materials by movements of the cell membrane

what forms of transport do not require energy

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

what types of molecules move in simple diffusion

small non polar molecules

what type of molecules move in facilitated diffusion

small polar molecules

what type of molecules move in osmosis

water molecules

what type of molecules move during active transport

any small molecules

what type of molecules move during bulk transport

large molecules

what type of transport moves with gradient

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

what type of transport move against gradient

primary and secondary active transport

anabolic pathways

use energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

catabolic pathways

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple compounds

which pathway requires energy?

anabolic

what pathway releases energy?

catabolic

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

how is ATP used in the cell

drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation

enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions

by lowering the activation energy

substrate

reactants that an enzyme acts on

active site

region on which the substrate binds

induced fit

brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

cell respiration

the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down glucose

what is the main purpose of cellular respiration

produce ATP

main purpose of glycolysis

break down of glucose into pyruvate and release of e-

location of glycolysis

cytosol

reactants in glycolysis

glucose and 2 ATP

products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

main purpose of acetyl CoA prep step

conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA for citric acid cycle

location of prep step

during transport into mitochondria

reactants in prep step

2 pyruvate

products of prep step

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 acetyle CoA

main purpose of citric acid cycle

break down glucose and create e- carriers

location of citric acid cycle

mitochondrial matrix

reactant of citric acid cycle

2 acetyl CoA

products of citric acid cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation

form electrons to make H+ gradient to make ATP

location of oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondrial inner membrane

reactants of oxidative phosphorylation

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O3

products of oxidative phosphorylation

28 ATP, 6 H20

main purpose of fermenation

production of energy without the presence of oxygen

location of fermentation

cytoplasm

reactants of fermentation

pyruvic acid and NADH

products of fermentation

2 ATP and NAD+, lactic acid as waste product

anaerobic respiration

respiration that does not require oxygen

purpose of photosynthesis

convert solar energy into chemical energy

what colors of light are used in photosynthesis

red and blue

what pigments are used in photosynthesis

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls

main purpose of the light reaction

production of ATP and NADPH

location of the light reaction

thylakoid membrane

reactant of the light reaction

water and light

products of light reaction

O2, ATP, NADPH

main purpose of the Calvin cycle

converting CO2 and high energy products of the light reaction into glucose

location of the calvin cycle

stroma

reactants in the calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, NADPH, RuBP

products of the calvin cycle

glucose, ADP, NADP+

autocrine signaling

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

paracrine signaling

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

endocrine signaling

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

three steps of signal transduction

reception, transduction, response

reception

the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell

transduction

signal results in a series of enzyme activations

response

creation of cellular responses to signal

what types of signaling are long term

endocrine signaling