CH. 9 & 10 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

calorie

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

cellular respiration

A process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

aerobic

process that requires oxygen

anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

The first set of reactions in cellular respiration, during which one molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

NAD+

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from glucose to other molecules

Krebs Cycle

The second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

matrix

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

lactic acid

Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

photosynthesis

A process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light and energy and store it in energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

pigment

light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy

chlorophyll

principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms

thylakoid

saclike membranes found in chloroplasts, the location of the light-dependent reactions

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids, location of the light independent reactions

NADP+

A carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to the Calvin Cycle

light-dependent reactions

A set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

light-independent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons in preparation for ATP-generating reactions

ATP synthase

An enzyme that spans the thylakoid membrane and produces ATP from ADP when hydrogen ions (H+) pass through it

Calvin Cycle

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar