Cell Division, Meiosis, and Gametogenesis — Vocabulary Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on cell division, meiosis, and gametogenesis.

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47 Terms

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Cell division

Process by which a parent cell divides to form daughter cells; enables growth, development, and tissue repair.

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Cell cycle

Sequence of phases a cell passes through from one division to the next, including interphase and the mitotic phase.

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Interphase

Phase of the cell cycle when the cell grows and DNA is replicated in preparation for division.

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G1 phase

First gap phase; cell grows and carries out normal functions.

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S phase

Synthesis phase; DNA is replicated.

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G2 phase

Second gap phase; cell prepares for mitosis.

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Mitosis

Nuclear division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter nuclei.

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Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides, yielding separate daughter cells; often overlaps with telophase.

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Prophase (mitosis)

Chromosomes condense, spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

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Metaphase (mitosis)

Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate at the cell’s equator.

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Anaphase (mitosis)

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.

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Telophase (mitosis)

Nuclei reform around separated chromatids; chromosomes de-condense.

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Meiosis

Nuclear division that reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes; introduces genetic variation.

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Meiosis I

First meiotic division; homologous chromosomes separate, often with crossing-over.

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Meiosis II

Second meiotic division; sister chromatids separate, producing four haploid cells.

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Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) and crossing-over occurs at chiasmata.

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Metaphase I

Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.

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Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles; sister chromatids stay together.

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Telophase I

Nuclei may reform; cytoplasm divides; two haploid cells result.

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Prophase II

New spindle forms in each haploid cell; chromosomes condense again.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up at the equator with centromeres attached to spindle.

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Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclei form around chromatids; cytoplasm divides to yield four haploid gametes.

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Crossing-over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I; increases variation.

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Chiasmata

Points where crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs that carry the same genes in corresponding positions; one from each parent.

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Sister chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere.

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Centromere

Region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together and where kinetochores attach.

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Kinetochore

Protein structure at the centromere that attaches chromosomes to spindle microtubules.

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Spindle

Microtubule-based structure that separates chromosomes during cell division.

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Centrosome

Organizes the spindle apparatus; in animals it contains a pair of centrioles.

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Gametogenesis

Process of forming mature gametes (sperm or eggs) from germ cells.

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Spermatogenesis

Production of sperm in the testes from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa.

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Spermatogonium

Primordial germ cell in the testis that divides to form primary spermatocytes.

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Primary spermatocyte

Diploid cell that enters meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes.

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Secondary spermatocyte

Haploid cell produced after meiosis I; immediately enters meiosis II.

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Spermatids

Haploid cells produced after meiosis II that mature into sperm.

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Spermatozoa

Mature sperm cells capable of fertilization.

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Spermiogenesis

Maturation of spermatids into elongated sperm.

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Spermiation

Release of mature sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.

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Oogenesis

Gamete production in the ovaries; formation of oocytes and ova.

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Oocyte

Female gamete; egg cell produced by oogenesis.

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Ovulation

Release of a mature oocyte from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

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Diploid (2n)

Cell with two complete sets of chromosomes; typical for somatic cells.

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Haploid (n)

Cell with one complete set of chromosomes; typical for gametes.

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Turner syndrome

Sex chromosome disorder (monosomy X) in females; features vary, often including short stature and infertility.

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XXY syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome; presence of an extra X chromosome in males.