History Exam 2

created a council of colonies for defense and Native relations. Benjamin Franklin

the Albany Plan of Union

the Cherokee and other tribes were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands, the resistance by Principal Chief John Ross, the Treaty of New Echota, and the deadly 1,200-mile journey west, during which an estimated 10–25% of the Cherokee died

trail of tears

President James Monroe declared that the United States would not tolerate European colonization or puppet monarchs in the Western Hemisphere, solidifying U.S. influence and a growing sense of national identity

monroe doctrine

It’s used as a way to illustrate the changes brought by the Market Revolution, showing the shift from a quiet, rural life to a bustling, market-driven society

rip van winkle

a violent slave uprising in which enslaved people rebelled against their owners, killing around 55–65 white people. It caused widespread fear in the South, led to harsher laws controlling enslaved people, and became a significant moment in the history of American slavery

nat turners rebellion

to respect and honor traditional farming and rural life. It refers to the early American way of life, when most people were small farmers living off the land before the Market Revolution brought factories, canals, and cities.

venerate the plough

He is King George III’s Prime Minister. He says the conflict would end if the colonies accepted Parliament’s authority. He is connected to taxation policies like the Townshend Acts and responses to colonial protests

lord north

Why did Britain begin taxing the colonies after 1763

To help pay off war debt from the French and Indian War

A direct tax on printed materials like newspapers and legal documents. it violated their rights and lacked representation

stamp act

What group led protests against British taxes

sons of liberty

That Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all cases

Declaratory Act

British soldiers killed five colonists during a confrontation

the Boston Massacre

he spread propaganda about the Boston Massacre. He warned colonists about the British at Lexington and Concord

Paul Revere

Backcountry farmers protesting taxes and corrupt officials

regulators

A battle where colonial militia defeated the Regulators

the Battle of Alamance

Taxes on goods like tea, glass, and paper

the Townsend Acts

Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party

Punishments including closing Boston Harbor and limiting self-government

Intolerable Acts

What started the Revolutionary War

The Battles of Lexington and Concord

Paul revere warned colonists that British troops were coming. This led to the Battles of Lexington and Concord

midnight ride

A pamphlet arguing for independence in simple language. thomas paine wrote it

common sense

Formally separated the colonies from Britain

declaration of independence

Who led the Continental Army

George Washington

Who was the British king during the Revolution

king george 3

A major American victory that gained French support

the Battle of Saratoga

A harsh winter where American troops struggled but stayed strong

Valley Forge

Who led British forces in the South

Charles Cornwallis

Who was the American general in the South

Nathanael Greene

A costly British victory that weakened their army

the Battle of Guilford Courthouse

Cornwallis surrendered, ending major fighting

the Siege of Yorktown

Officially ended the war and recognized American independence. Britain recognized the United States as free, sovereign, and independent states

treaty of Paris

A struggle for national independence, a conflict between European empires, and a debate over what kind of nation America should be

American Revolution

What radical principle did Jefferson state in the Declaration of Independence

“All men are created equal”

the first constitution of the United States. Each state retained all powers not explicitly given to the national government. Each state had one vote, regardless of population. The central government could not tax or support a war effort

The Articles of Confederation

Who led a rebellion against unfair taxes and economic policies in Massachusetts

daniel shays

A protest by farmers who stormed the Springfield arsenal and disrupted courts

Shays’ Rebellion

Why did James Madison and Alexander Hamilton want a stronger government

they thought the nation was going to collapse

he argued that government rests on popular consent and that rebellion is allowed if government subverts its purpose

john locke

What system did the Constitution create to balance power

A government divided into Legislative, Judicial, and Executive branches

How did the framers originally imagine the presidency

a weak office with a strong legislature

What power did Congress have under the Constitution

coining money

Why did the Constitution avoid using the word “slave”

The framers believed it was morally wrong

Who supported the Constitution

federalists

Who opposed the Constitution

antifederalists

it defines and protects the “inalienable rights” Jefferson wrote about. English law, tracing back to the House of Lords in 1316

bill of rights

What was Congress’ position on Native lands after the Revolutionary War

forfeited rights to their lands

Americans demanded and received large surrenders of Native land in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region because of this

Fort Stanwix and Fort Pitt

How did Congress handle land policy after the war

Sold large tracts to private groups and speculators

it Planned for 3–5 new states north of the Ohio River and prohibited slavery in that region

the Northwest Ordinance

Who was considered part of “the people” under the Constitution

europeans

What was the focus of Washington’s first inaugural address

Representative democracy

What was Washington’s view on political parties

he warned against them

first Secretary of the Treasury. he created a strong federal government, opened the Bank of the United States, and taxed whiskey. Centralizing financial interests and encouraging development similar to Great Britain

alexander hamilton

they wanted an agrarian republic of independent farmers and feared Hamilton’s plan threatened liberty. opposed Hamilton’s plan

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

What were the first two political parties in the U.S.

Federalists and Republicans

Who generally supported the Federalists

Prosperous merchants, farmers, and political officials

Who generally supported the Republicans

Those who believed in simple, democratic self-government

What advice did Washington give in his farewell address

avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations

Who became the second President

john Adams

it let the President deport non-citizens from enemy countries

Alien Act

it limited free speech and press criticism

Sedition Act

Who won the presidential election of 1800

thomas jefferson

led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, resulting in Haiti’s independence in 1804

The 1791 slave revolt in St. Domingue

An attempted slave uprising in Virginia in 1800 that was discovered; 26 slaves were executed or transported

Gabriel’s Rebellion

Jefferson bought territory from France, doubling the U.S., even though the Constitution did not explicitly allow buying foreign land

Louisiana Purchase

Who led the exploration of the Louisiana Territory

lewis and clark

she helped Lewis and Clark communicate with the Shoshone. Guided the mission, assisted with translation, and helped negotiate for horses; she also gave birth during the journey

Sacagawea

Britain and France interfered with merchant shipping, angering American merchants

Napoleonic Wars

Closed U.S. ports to exports and restricted imports from Britain; it hurt New England merchants more than Europe

embargo act

How did the American Revolution shape the South

it united the souths identity as a distinct region with a slave labor force

It ended the importation of slaves but protected the rights of existing slaveholders

Constitution

By 1790, how did the population of enslaved African Americans compare to Native Americans

The enslaved population far exceeded the native population

Who were considered citizens under the original Constitution

The Constitution did not define citizens

A former slave from Dutch-speaking upstate New York who escaped to freedom before New York abolished slavery in 1827

Soujourner Truth

He excluded slaves and Native Americans, saying the American is “either a European, or a descendent of a European”

Crèvecoeur

Admired American equality, individualism, economic stability, and churches, but noted slavery and mistreatment of Native Americans

Alexis de Tocqueville

A family of about 70 enslaved people over five generations who worked closely with Jefferson and his household. Built the house, ran the household, made furniture, cooked meals, cared for children, and attended Jefferson in his final moments. nine of them

Hemings family at Monticello

Elizabeth Hemings’ daughter and likely mother of four of Thomas Jefferson’s children

Sally Hemings

Why is the War of 1812 considered a relatively little-known war

complicated causes and an inconclusive outcome

Prohibited trade with Britain and France after the Embargo Act failed

Non-Intercourse Act

What replaced the Non-Intercourse Act in 1810

A bill stating trade would resume

they pushed for war against Britain bc of British violations of maritime rights and support for Native resistance to westward expansion

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

they led A revitalization of traditional tribal life and resistance to American settlers, calling Anglos the source of all evil

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Indiana’s governor William Henry Harrison defeated Native forces, which pushed Tecumseh to seek British support

Battle of Tippecanoe

Why did the U.S. attack Canada in the War of 1812

reaffirm independence

Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory secured the Northwest Territory for the U.S.

the Battle of Lake Erie

William Henry Harrison defeated British and Native forces; Tecumseh was killed

Battle of the Thames

Who saved George Washington’s Lansdowne Portrait during the burning

Dolley Madison

Who led the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson

A decisive American victory, symbolizing democracy triumphing over European aristocracy

Battle of New Orleans

it ended the war, Britain relinquished claims to the Northwest Territory, and both nations pledged to work toward ending the slave trade

treaty of Ghent

His family lived mostly by subsistence farming and barter, with little cash, moving westward from Kentucky to Indiana

Abraham Lincoln

Cyrus McCormick; it allowed one man with a horse to harvest large fields, making bigger farms possible

mechanical reaper

It made upstream river commerce possible on the Hudson River

Robert Fulton’s Clermont

Connected upstate New York to the Great Lakes, facilitating trade and growing towns like Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse

Erie Canal

this crop became king after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, fueling the Cotton Kingdom and expanding slavery

cotton

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau; emphasized individual judgment and self-reliance over societal pressures

transcendentalists

He taught himself to read and write, escaped slavery, and became a leading abolitionist and advisor to Lincoln

Frederick Douglass

A term coined by John C. Calhoun to describe the social, political, and economic system of slavery in the Old South

peculiar institution

To justify U.S. expansion across the continent as a divine right and mission

manifest destiny