Exam 3 List

Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Gram-negative bacterium; rod/single; symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with soybean roots; not pathogenic; important in agriculture for enhancing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.

Pelagibacter ubique

Gram-negative bacterium; very small rod/single; among the most abundant organisms in the ocean; non-pathogenic; plays a major role in global carbon cycling and oceanic nutrient dynamics.

Prochlorococcus spp.

Gram-negative cyanobacteria (photosynthetic); coccoid/single; one of the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the ocean; non-pathogenic; key player in marine ecosystems and oxygen production.

Nitrosopumilus maritimus

Archaea (not Gram-stained conventionally); small rod/single; ammonia-oxidizing archaeon from marine environments; important in nitrogen cycling; non-pathogenic.

Shewanella oneidensis

Gram-negative bacterium; rod/single or pairs; known for versatile respiration, including metal reduction; environmental bacterium with potential use in bioremediation; rarely pathogenic.

Planctomyces (Kuenenia stuttgartiensis)

Bacteria with unusual cell biology; ovoid or budding/single; anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacterium; involved in nitrogen cycling in wastewater treatment; non-pathogenic.

Nanoarchaeum equitans

Archaea (not Gram-stained conventionally); coccoid/single; obligate symbiont of another archaeon (Ignicoccus); extremely small genome; non-pathogenic; found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents.

Burkholderia mallei

Gram-negative bacterium; rod/single; obligate pathogen that causes glanders in horses and can infect humans; highly infectious and potentially fatal; considered a potential bioterrorism agent.

Bradyrhizobium spp.

Gram-negative bacteria; rod/single; includes species involved in nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with leguminous plants; beneficial in agriculture; non-pathogenic.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Gram-negative bacterium; rod/single; causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring DNA (Ti plasmid) to host; tool in genetic engineering; not pathogenic to humans.

Francisella tularensis

Gram-negative bacterium; coccobacillus/single; highly infectious agent of tularemia; can be transmitted by ticks, animals, or inhalation; considered a potential bioterrorism threat.

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Gram-negative bacterium; rod/single or pairs; causes melioidosis, a serious disease endemic in tropical regions; found in soil and water; potential bioterrorism agent due to high virulence.

Bacillus anthracis

Gram-positive bacterium; large rod/chains; spore-forming; causes anthrax, a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals; known bioterrorism agent due to durable spores.

Nairovirus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; includes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality; transmitted by ticks.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly; symptoms range from mild cold-like illness to severe bronchiolitis or pneumonia.

Monkeypox virus

dsDNA enveloped virus; Orthopoxvirus; causes a smallpox-like illness with fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy; zoonotic, transmitted from animals or via close contact with infected individuals.

Colorado Tick Fever virus

dsRNA non-enveloped virus; causes febrile illness with headache, myalgia, and sometimes biphasic fever; transmitted by wood ticks in the western U.S.

Coxsackievirus A16

ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus; common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease, especially in children; usually mild, with fever and vesicular rash.

Rhinovirus

ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus; primary cause of the common cold; symptoms include sneezing, sore throat, and congestion; highly transmissible.

Nipah virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; causes severe encephalitis and respiratory illness; zoonotic transmission from bats or pigs; high mortality; emerging infectious disease.

Rift Valley fever virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; zoonotic arbovirus; causes febrile illness, and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis, or encephalitis; transmitted by mosquitoes.

Hepatitis A virus

ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus; causes acute liver inflammation; fecal-oral transmission, often through contaminated food or water; usually self-limiting.

Lassa virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; causes Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic illness; spread through contact with rodent excreta or human bodily fluids; endemic in West Africa.

Rabies lyssavirus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; causes fatal encephalitis; transmitted through bites from infected animals; vaccine-preventable if treated before symptom onset.

Hendra virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; zoonotic virus from bats; can cause severe respiratory or neurological disease in humans and horses; high mortality rate.

Ebola virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; causes Ebola virus disease, characterized by hemorrhagic fever and high fatality rates; transmitted via direct contact with bodily fluids.

Vesicular stomatitis virus

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; affects livestock and can cause flu-like illness in humans; transmitted by insects or direct contact with infected animals.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 1 (SARS-CoV-1)

ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus; causes severe respiratory illness; emerged in 2002–2003; transmitted via respiratory droplets; related to SARS-CoV-2.

Adenovirus

dsDNA non-enveloped virus; causes respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis; infections are usually mild but can be severe in immunocompromised individuals.

Sapovirus

ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus; causes acute gastroenteritis, especially in children; similar to norovirus, transmitted fecal-orally; self-limiting.

Swine Influenza virus (H1N1)

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; causes influenza in pigs and humans; responsible for the 2009 pandemic; symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.

Avian Influenza virus (H3N2, H5N1)

ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus; transmitted from birds to humans; H5N1 is highly pathogenic with high fatality rate; causes severe respiratory illness.

Yellow fever virus

ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus; mosquito-borne flavivirus; causes jaundice, fever, and hemorrhagic symptoms; preventable by vaccine; endemic in Africa and South America.

Rubella virus

ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus; causes rubella (German measles); mild illness in children, but congenital infection can cause serious birth defects; vaccine-preventable.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus

ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus; causes severe respiratory illness with high mortality; zoonotic origin (camels); transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

ssRNA positive-sense (retrovirus), enveloped virus; targets immune system (CD4+ T cells); causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); spread via blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8)

dsDNA enveloped virus; linked to Kaposi’s sarcoma and other cancers, especially in immunocompromised individuals; transmitted via saliva or sexual contact.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast (fungus); unicellular, oval-shaped; used in baking, brewing, and biotechnology; non-pathogenic in most cases, though rare infections may occur in immunocompromised individuals.

Taenia saginata

Helminth (cestode/tapeworm); causes taeniasis in humans from undercooked beef; adult tapeworm resides in the intestine; typically causes mild GI symptoms but can be asymptomatic.

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Fungus (previously classified as protozoan); opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV/AIDS; transmitted through airborne spores.

Leishmania donovani

Protozoan (flagellated parasite); causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar); transmitted by sandflies; affects internal organs such as liver and spleen; can be fatal if untreated.

Schistosoma haematobium

Helminth (trematode/fluke); causes urinary schistosomiasis; adult worms reside in bladder veins; leads to hematuria, bladder damage, and increased risk of bladder cancer; transmitted via contact with contaminated freshwater.

Clonorchis sinensis

Helminth (trematode/fluke); liver fluke acquired by eating undercooked freshwater fish; resides in bile ducts; can cause cholangitis, bile duct obstruction, and long-term risk of cholangiocarcinoma.