Exam 3 List

Prokaryotic Bacteria:

• Bradyrhizobium japonicum – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: rod/single. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with soybean roots. Not pathogenic. Important in agriculture for enhancing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.

• Pelagibacter ubique – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: very small rod/single. Among the most abundant organisms in the ocean. Non-pathogenic. Plays a major role in global carbon cycling and oceanic nutrient dynamics.

• Prochlorococcus spp. – Gram-negative cyanobacteria (photosynthetic). Shape/arrangement: coccoid/single. One of the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the ocean. Non-pathogenic. Key player in marine ecosystems and oxygen production.

• Nitrosopumilus maritimus – Archaea (not Gram-stained conventionally). Shape/arrangement: small rod/single. Ammonia-oxidizing archaeon from marine environments. Important in nitrogen cycling. Non-pathogenic.

• Shewanella oneidensis – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: rod/single or pairs. Known for versatile respiration, including metal reduction. Environmental bacterium with potential use in bioremediation. Rarely pathogenic.

• Planctomyces (Kuenenia stuttgartiensis) – Bacteria with unusual cell biology. Shape/arrangement: ovoid or budding/single. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacterium. Involved in nitrogen cycling in wastewater treatment. Non-pathogenic.

• Nanoarchaeum equitans – Archaea (not Gram-stained conventionally). Shape/arrangement: coccoid/single. Obligate symbiont of another archaeon (Ignicoccus). Extremely small genome. Non-pathogenic. Found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents.

• Burkholderia mallei – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: rod/single. Obligate pathogen, causes glanders in horses and can infect humans. Highly infectious and potentially fatal. Considered a potential bioterrorism agent.

• Bradyrhizobium spp. – Gram-negative bacteria. Shape/arrangement: rod/single. Includes species involved in nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with leguminous plants. Beneficial in agriculture. Non-pathogenic.

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: rod/single. Causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring DNA (Ti plasmid) to host. Tool in genetic engineering. Not pathogenic to humans.

• Francisella tularensis – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: coccobacillus/single. Highly infectious agent of tularemia. Can be transmitted by ticks, animals, or inhalation. Considered a potential bioterrorism threat.

• Burkholderia pseudomallei – Gram-negative bacterium. Shape/arrangement: rod/single or pairs. Causes melioidosis, a serious disease endemic in tropical regions. Found in soil and water. Potential bioterrorism agent due to high virulence.

• Bacillus anthracis – Gram-positive bacterium. Shape/arrangement: large rod/chains. Spore-forming. Causes anthrax, a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals. Known bioterrorism agent due to durable spores.

Virus

• Nairovirus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Includes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Transmitted by ticks.

• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and elderly. Symptoms range from mild cold-like illness to severe bronchiolitis or pneumonia.

• Monkeypox virus – dsDNA enveloped virus. Orthopoxvirus. Causes a smallpox-like illness with fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Zoonotic, transmitted from animals or via close contact with infected individuals.

• Colorado Tick Fever virus – dsRNA non-enveloped virus. Causes febrile illness with headache, myalgia, and sometimes biphasic fever. Transmitted by wood ticks in the western U.S.

• Coxsackievirus A16 – ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus. Common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease, especially in children. Usually mild, with fever and vesicular rash.

• Rhinovirus – ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus. Primary cause of the common cold. Symptoms include sneezing, sore throat, and congestion. Highly transmissible.

• Nipah virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Causes severe encephalitis and respiratory illness. Zoonotic transmission from bats or pigs. High mortality. Emerging infectious disease.

• Rift Valley fever virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Zoonotic arbovirus. Causes febrile illness, and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis, or encephalitis. Transmitted by mosquitoes.

• Hepatitis A virus – ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus. Causes acute liver inflammation. Fecal-oral transmission, often through contaminated food or water. Usually self-limiting.

• Lassa virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Causes Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic illness. Spread through contact with rodent excreta or human bodily fluids. Endemic in West Africa.

• Rabies lyssavirus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Causes fatal encephalitis. Transmitted through bites from infected animals. Vaccine-preventable if treated before symptom onset.

• Hendra virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Zoonotic virus from bats. Can cause severe respiratory or neurological disease in humans and horses. High mortality rate.

• Ebola virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Causes Ebola virus disease, characterized by hemorrhagic fever and high fatality rates. Transmitted via direct contact with bodily fluids.

• Vesicular stomatitis virus – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Affects livestock and can cause flu-like illness in humans. Transmitted by insects or direct contact with infected animals.

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) – ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus. Causes severe respiratory illness. Emerged in 2002–2003. Transmitted via respiratory droplets. Related to SARS-CoV-2.

• Adenovirus – dsDNA non-enveloped virus. Causes respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis. Infections are usually mild but can be severe in immunocompromised individuals.

• Sapovirus – ssRNA positive-sense, non-enveloped virus. Causes acute gastroenteritis, especially in children. Similar to norovirus, transmitted fecal-orally. Self-limiting.

• Swine Influenza virus (H1N1) – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Causes influenza in pigs and humans. Responsible for the 2009 pandemic. Symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.

• Avian Influenza virus (H3N2, H5N1) – ssRNA negative-sense, enveloped virus. Transmitted from birds to humans. H5N1 is highly pathogenic with high fatality rate. Causes severe respiratory illness.

• Yellow fever virus – ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus. Mosquito-borne flavivirus. Causes jaundice, fever, and hemorrhagic symptoms. Preventable by vaccine. Endemic in Africa and South America.

• Rubella virus – ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus. Causes rubella (German measles). Mild illness in children, but congenital infection can cause serious birth defects. Vaccine-preventable.

• Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus – ssRNA positive-sense, enveloped virus. Causes severe respiratory illness with high mortality. Zoonotic origin (camels). Transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact.

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – ssRNA positive-sense (retrovirus), enveloped virus. Targets immune system (CD4+ T cells). Causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Spread via blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission.

• Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) – dsDNA enveloped virus. Linked to Kaposi’s sarcoma and other cancers, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Transmitted via saliva or sexual contact.

Eukaryotes

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Yeast (fungus).
  Unicellular, oval-shaped. Used in baking, brewing, and biotechnology. Non-pathogenic in most cases, though rare infections may occur in immunocompromised individuals.

• Taenia saginata – Helminth (cestode/tapeworm).
  Causes taeniasis in humans from undercooked beef. Adult tapeworm resides in the intestine. Typically causes mild GI symptoms but can be asymptomatic.

• Pneumocystis jirovecii – Fungus (previously classified as protozoan).
  Opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV/AIDS. Transmitted through airborne spores.

• Leishmania donovani – Protozoan (flagellated parasite).
  Causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Transmitted by sandflies. Affects internal organs such as liver and spleen. Can be fatal if untreated.

• Schistosoma haematobium – Helminth (trematode/fluke).
  Causes urinary schistosomiasis. Adult worms reside in bladder veins. Leads to hematuria, bladder damage, and increased risk of bladder cancer. Transmitted via contact with contaminated freshwater.

• Clonorchis sinensis – Helminth (trematode/fluke).
  Liver fluke acquired by eating undercooked freshwater fish. Resides in bile ducts. Can cause cholangitis, bile duct obstruction, and long-term risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• Schistosoma mekongi – Helminth (trematode/fluke).
  Causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Similar to S. mansoni, but localized to regions in Southeast Asia. Transmission via freshwater exposure.