Modern World History Midterm Study Guide: Renaissance & Reformation

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from the Renaissance and Reformation, Exploration and Colonization, and Enlightenment through the Industrial Revolution.

Republic

A government where citizens elect leaders.

Vernacular

Language spoken by ordinary people.

Humanism

Movement that combined classical learning with a focus on human potential.

Predestination

The belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

Indulgence

Paying for release from punishment for sin.

Christian Humanism

Reform ideas based on improving society through education and reason.

Justification

Belief that humans are saved by faith alone.

Lutheranism

The first major Protestant faith.

Nationalism

Pride and devotion to one’s nation, sometimes leading to unity or conflict.

Bourgeoisie

Middle-class citizens who gained wealth through commerce or industry.

Sans-culottes

Working-class French revolutionaries demanding radical change.

Coup d’état

Sudden seizure of government power, often by military force.

Capital

Wealth used to invest in business or industry.

Socialism

Economic and political system advocating for collective ownership or regulation of resources.

Militarism

Belief that a country should maintain strong military readiness and use force to achieve goals.

Realism

Artistic and literary movement emphasizing everyday life and ordinary people.