Chp 18 + 19 AP Euro

The European States

- Divine right gives way to secularized utilitarian arguments

Natural Laws

- Equality before the law
- Freedom of religious worship
- Freedom of speech and press
- Right to assembly
- Right to hold property
- Right to happiness

Enlightened Absolutism

- Philosophes believed that absolute rulers are best hope for reformed state
- protect natural rights
- examples: Frederick II (prussia), Catherine the Great (Russia), Joseph II (Austria)

Atlantic Seaboard States

- in 16th century influence shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic
- rise of English and Dutch and fall of Spanish and Portuguese in 17th century

Louis XV

- economic revival
- strengthens aristocracy
- peasantry suffers

Duke of Orleans

- in charge of France between Louis XV and Louis XVI
- Drunk

Louis XVI

- mediocre

United Kingdom of Great Britian

United Scotland + England

18th century parliament (who and rep)

- dominated by land aristocracy
- Peers (sat for life) in H.O.L
- Landed Gentry in H.O.C
- Representation was very unequal - not enough representatives for growing cities like Manchester.
- Most representatives from boroughs
- Voting restricted and monopolized: "pocket boroughs"

Hanoverian Dynasty

- George I-III
- Protestant rulers of German State: Hanover
- Chief Ministers handled duties/parliament
- Growing middle class

John Wilkes

- Criticized King's ministers
- arrested and released but lost seat as MP denied future seat
- Becomes associated with liberty: "Wilkes and Liberty"
- Support from common people of london who couldn't vote and voting freeholders
- Led to calls for parliament reform and end to parliamentary privelege

Cardinal Fleury

- King's minister for Louis XV
- Pulled back from foreign exploration
- commerce and trade rise
- Government promoted growth of industries

Madame Pompadour

- Mistress that influenced Louis XV
- Gained wealth and power
- Made important government decisions and advised on appointments + foreign policy

Louis XVI

- Incompetent
- Married Marie Antoinette

Robert Walpole

- Chief minister for George I and II of England
- Peaceful foreign policy
- increase in middle class who wanted trade and world empire

Duke of Newcastle

- controller of 7 borough representatives
- dispenser of patronage for George I and II

William Pit the Elder

- Prime minister in 1757
- Furthered imperial ambitions
- Acquired Canada and India in 7 years war
- Dismissed by George III

William Pit the younger

- appointed by George III
- supported by merchants and industrial class
- Gained support of H.O.C
- Holds off parliamentary reform revolts for a little while

Dutch Republic

- continued struggle between Oligarchs/regents and the house of Orange

Dutch Patriots

- Dutch burghers that wanted democratic reform to open municipial council to more people
- crushed by prussian king

Frederick William I

- increase Prussian beucracy by establishing general directory and with civil service workers
- Close personal supervision of beucracy
- peasants had little rights but could serve important administrative positions

General Directory (what and role)

- Prussian beurocratic system
- Supervise military, police, economics, and financial affairs

Prussian Militarism

- extreme exaltation of military virtue
- close connection of nobility and military

Frederick II

- "The great"
- conscientious ruler
- Free speech, no torture, and religious tolerance
- more aristocratic government - non-nobles couldn't move out/bureaucracy similar to hereditary caste syste,
- Increased size of the army
- Seized Austrian province of Silesia
- Fights in the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War

Maria Theresa

- Austrian Empress
- dissolved chancellors
- lessened role of the Diets/provincial assemblies in taxation and local administration
- Empire of diversity in religion, language, culture, and nationality
- difficult to govern under common law

Hapsburg State

- Pressure to compete w/ Prussia
- Military strengthened
- Administrative reformation

Joseph II

- Holy Roman Emperor/Hapsburg Ruler
- abolished serfdom
- elimination of internal trade barrier
- ended monopolies and deregulation of guilds
- German as the official bureaucratic language alienated non-germans
- Nobility + church alienated

Joseph II as an enlightened ruler

- Penal code reform for more equality
- Religious tolerance + equality before the law

Catherine II the Great (ruler + what she wrote)

- Russian ruler
- Support depended on palace guard and gentry class
- Policies of "reform" strengthened the landowners and hurt Russian serfs
- "Instruction" - guide to deliberation for the elected assembly she called to debate new law code

Catherine the Great geographic changes

- Divided Russia into 50 provinces + sub-districts oversaw by nobles
- Expanded Russia and expense of turks and poles

Medditerranean

- Spanish and Portuguese influence decreases medditerranean
- Austria rose to prominence as it took Spanish land in Italy

Austrian Empire

- more central and bureaucratic
- Divided into 10 provinces + districts w/ royal officials ruling instead of reps of the diets
- Increased armed forces

Charter of the nobility

- issued by Catherine II in Russia
- Gave Gentry legal privileges: trial by peers, exemption from personal taxation and corporal punishment.
- Leads to peasant revolts with support of the Cossacks

Yemelyan Pugalhev (who+manifesto+what)

- Cossack
- Manifesto of freeing all peasants from oppressive taxes + military service
- Led peasant revolts against Catherine II
- Peasants killed more than 1500 estate owners
- He is captured, tortured, and executed.

Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynarka

Russia gained:
- land
- privilege to protect Greek Orthodox Christians in ottoman empire
- the right to sail Turkish waters

Polish Monarchy

- power restrictions
- Small bureaucracy
- small standing army
- austria, russia, and prussia sieze = territory

General Tadeusz Kościuszko

- polish general
- attempted rebellion against oppressive russia and prussia
- fails

Philip V

- Spanish King
- ministries imposed
- Spanish kingdom uified by institutions, laws, and language

Charles III

- Spanish king
- banished jesuits and restricted inquisition

Marquis of Pombal

- chief minister to many portuguese kings
- nobility and catholic church lose power
- regained power after his death

Sweden (power + nobility)

- lost power after Battle of Poltava and Charles XII
- Swedish nobility control public life and reduce monarchy to a puppet
- Division of nobility into pro-french and pro-russian factions enables monarchy to reclaim power

King Gustavus III

- swedish king
- freedom or religion, speech, and press + new code of justice w/ no torture
- Reduced tariffs and abolished tolls
- encouraged trade + agriculture
- Assassinated by nobles.

King Christian VII + Chief Minister Johann Frederich Struensee

- Enlightened reform
- aristocratic opposition
- struensee killed

Overall on "enlightened" leaders

- only did enlightened idea if best for power/well being of state
- increased state power used to amass armies and wage wars

Reason of state

- rulers look beyond dynastic interest for long term future of state

War of Austrian Succession (what+alliances+where+treaty)

- Frederick II of prussia attacks new empress Maria Theresa w/ the help of France
- Austria allies with Great Britain
- War fought in Austria, India and America
- Ended by Peace treaty of Aix-la-chapelle - all territory must be returned

Diplomatic Revolution

- France + Austria + Russia vs. Britain + Prussia

7 years war (europe)

- France, austria, and russia vs. britain + prussia
- First global war
- Frederick the great defeated Austria + France + Russia @ Battle of Rossbach in Saxony
- Conflict ended w/ Peace of Hubertusburg - territories returned

7 years war (America)

- Fought over waterway of gulf of saint lawrence + ohio river valley
- French allied w/ natives
- British use resources from William Pit the Elder and defeat french navy
- British led by James Wolfe defeat french led by Louis-Joseph Montcalm on plains of Abraham
- British seize montreal, great lakes area, and ohio valley.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

- ended 7 years war (french and indian) in America
- france ceded canada and land east of mississipi to Britain + spanish florida goes to britain; louisiana is given to spain from france

European Armies

- professional standing armies
- increased size
- officers from landed aristocracy
- middle class = middle rank
- soldiers = lower class

European Economic Patter

- increase in population cause of decreased death rate and more food + better diets + end of plague
- increase in banking and trade (+worldwide trade)
- agricultural revolution in britain
- more industrialization

Children

- increase in veiw of childhood as a development stage
- Comfotable clothes + toys for the elite
- Infanticide/burden of children continue for lower class

Marriage

- later marriage
- increase in illegitimacy
- decline in # of kids per family
- Children and women assisted the husband in his work

Agriculture

- more farmland + healthier livestock + improved climate
- increase in potato and maize growth
- end of cooperative farming
- English parliament allowed enclose fields
- small farmers become wage laborers and tenant farmers

Finance

- paper notes, gov. bonds, loans, and national debt
- banks often went bankrupt
- French couldn't create a national bank but British could

European Warware (pre french rev)

- growth of national rivalry/competition
- dispute between border sharing region
- increase of armed conflict over diplomatic disputes
- increase in strategy
- navy important to protect supply/trade routes

Cottage industry

- domestic system
- capitalist entrepeneurs bought raw materials, distributed to rural workes and sold the finished product
- Cotton introduced from India and cotton cloth is made

Richard Arkwright

- invented the water frame to turn out yarn faster
- due to growing demand for cotton cloth
- led to invention of mechanized looms
- Dissent to machines from workers

Peasants + Serfs (where + burdens + life)

- Free peasants in britain, n. italy, low countries, spain, france, some of W germany
- Tithe + Poverty
- Serfs: bound by lord
- Villages = social life
- Diet: rough ground wheat/rye, high nutrition base food.

Nobles (rights + place in society + life)

- judgement by peers, immunity from severe punishment, and exemption from some taxation
- mercantile endeavors: exploitation of raw materials
- military + gov
- poorer nobles lose status
- Diet: more protein and fat content, meat and fish, cheese, nuts, and sweets

Aristocrats (place in society)

- royal favor/court society
- most resided in country estate
- increase in cosmopolitanism + trade
- Grand tour around Europe

Georgian style houses

- serenity, sedateness, elegance, and domesticity
- Andrea Palladio = country villas

Towns

- poverty
- exploitation of countryside

Cities

- unsanitary and high mortality
- most of population
- provided: education, culture, material goods, way out of poverty.

Cities - classes

- patrician oligarchies
- controlled communities
- Petty bourgeoisie - lower middle class
- Small guild workshops were oligarchies and exclusive

American Rev Causes

- Increase in British occupation of North America following 7 years war.
- New taxes on 13 colonies such as stamp act

British Vision for Colonies

- Single empire
- parliament = supreme authority to creat laws for all people

American vision

- had own representative assemblies
- believed king and parliament can’t interfere w/ colonial affairs

Declaration of Independence

- July 4. 1776
- Written by Thomas Jefferson w/ influence of Locke (theory of revolution) + enlightenment
- passed by 2nd continental congress

Important ally of American Rev

- French
- provided money, arms, soldiers, and officers to train US Army
- Combined troops defeat General Cornwallis @ Yorktown

Treaty of Paris (1783)

- recognized American independence

Articles of Confederation

- no strong central gov.

American Constitution

- written at constitutional convention
- National gov has power to levy taxes, raise a national army, control trade, and create a national currency
- 3 branches of gov.
- Bill of Rights

Ideas of American Rev Spread by…

- books
- newspapers
- magazines
- returning French soldiers (Lafayette)

Marquis De Lafayette

- returns to France w/ ideas of individual liberty, republicanism, and popular sovereignty.
- became member of society of thirty - influential to French rev

The First Estate

- Clergy
- Exempt from Taille
- divided into higher clergy (aristocrats) and parish priests (poor commoners)
- Ideological and intellectual grip on people
- close to monarchy
- Mass revenue from tenants and tithes

The Second Estate

- Nobility
- 25-30% of land
- monopoly over gov, court, and church offices
- controlled heavy industry
- discontent with monarchical system
- Taille exemption

Nobility of Robe

- officeholders
- common people could rise to nobility

Nobility of Sword

- hereditary

Segur Law

Limited sale of military officer ships to 4th generation nobles

Third Estate (who)

- commoners
- 35-40% of land
- peasants have obligation to landlords
- Borgeouise controlled resources + are professional workers

Third estate grievances for revolution

- Peasants: rise in consumer prices and wages not keeping up
- Bourgeoisie: excluded from privileges of nobles
- # of poor increases leading up to the revolution

Charles de Calonne

- controller general of finance
- change in fiscal and administrative system of state
- convened “assembly of notable” to bypass parlament of Paris on his reform minded financial policy

Estates-general (why+what+votes)

- French parliamentary body convened because gov is in a lot of debt and needs to be able to impose taxes.
- 3rd order gets double representative
- reform minded nobles come together with the 3rd estate activists - top down resistance to reform
- patriots (society of 30) + 3rd estate wanted to vote by head vs. Parliament and 1st estate wanted to vote by order

Cahiers de doleances (who + what + advocated for...)

- written by estates general
- grievances
- advocated for constitutional gov and to abolish nobility and church privilege

3rd estate voted + Louis reaction

- to constitute itself a National Assembly in response to 1st wanting to vote by order
- Tennis Court Oath - oath to meet until a French constitution is written
- Louis sided w/ first estate and threatened to dissolve Estates-general

Common people in the early revolution

- revolted in support of 3rd estate
- Fall of the Bastille (and Invalides): royal armory
- symbol of triumph over despotism

Louis’ last attempt

- Paris is abandoned and royal troops = incompetent
- Louis appoints Lafayette to command national guard

The Great Fear (what+effects)

- vast panic across French between July 20-Aug 6
- increase in citizens militias and permenant comitees

Constituent Assembly (goal + passed)

- part of national assembly
- goals to end aristocratic privelege
- passed The Declaration of the Rights of man and the citizen

The declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

- charter of basic liberties + enlightenment ideas
- liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
- destruction of aristocratic privlege: all citizens can take part in government
- freedom of speech, press, no arbitrary arrest

Olympe De Gouges/Marie Gouze

- playwright/pamphleteer
- Declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen

March to Versailles

- parisian women march to Versailles to confront king + national assembly
- Demanded king to return to paris.
- Resulted in King accepting the National Assemblies' decrees

Church @ Start of Revolution

- land confiscated
- assignats issued on collateral of the nationalized church property
- Church secularized
-

"Civil constitution of the clergy"

- bishops + priests = elected and paid by state
- pope against so few clergy took the oath

National Assembly as per new constitution (structure + action)

- sits for two years w/ 745 representatives
- Takes power from the monarch
- abolished old local and provincial divisions and divided France into 83 departments + divided into districts and communes supervised by an elected council

Active Citizens

- men over the age of 25 who payed taxes worth 3 days of unskilled labor
- voted for electors who voted deputies
- deputies had to pay 54 days of labor of taxes

Revolution of Bourgeois

- made up most of elected councils of districts and communes
- opposed by angry clergy, lower class mad @ inflation from asignets, peasants against dues, and more radical revolutionaries.

Jacobins

- club of radicals
- 900 clubs all affiliated with eachother