ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LOCK IN BRUH

What is anatomy?

Study of the structure of body parts & their relationships

What are the subdivisions of gross anatomy?

Regional, systemic, surface

What is microscopic anatomy?

Study of structures not visible to naked eye (cytology & histology)

What is developmental anatomy?

Traces structural changes over life; includes embryology (before birth)

What is physiology?

Study of function of the body

three subdivisions of physiology

Regional anatomy, which studies all structures in a particular area of the body; Systemic anatomy, which studies specific organ systems; and Surface anatomy, which examines structures visible on or near the body's surface. 

List the levels of structural organization in order

Chemical , Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System,Organism

Name the 11 organ systems

Skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, integumentary, urinary, reproductive, digestive

Which system regulates blood pressure and removes waste?

Urinary (renal) system

List the functional characteristics of life

Boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, growth, reproduction

What are catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism = breakdown of molecules; Anabolism = building molecules

What are the body’s survival needs?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature

Define homeostasis

Dynamic equilibrium of internal conditions despite external changes

What happens if homeostasis fails?

Disease occurs

What is negative feedback? Example?

Reverses stimulus to return to ideal state; example: body temperature regulation

What is positive feedback? Example?

Enhances stimulus, moves further from baseline; examples: blood clotting, childbirth contractions

How is homeostatic imbalance related to disease?

Aging weakens homeostasis → instability → disease; negative feedback may be overwhelmed (e.g., heart failure)

Describe the anatomical position

Erect, feet apart, palms forward, thumbs outward

What are the 4 forms of energy?

Chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

What are the 4 major body elements?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Define molecule vs compound vs mixture

Molecule = atoms bonded; Compound = different atoms bonded; Mixture = substances physically combined

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertebral discs, knee meniscus

What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Flexible cartilage; ear & epiglottis

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact and spongy

What are the major blood cells?

RBC (no nucleus, short lifespan) & WBC (nucleus, immune defense)

What are the 3 types of body membranes?

Cutaneous (skin), mucous (open cavities), serous (closed cavities)

What is unique about serous membranes?

Reduce friction with fluid between parietal & visceral layers

What are the 3 stages of tissue repair?

Inflammation, organization (scar begins), regeneration & fibrosis (healing & scar tissue)

Origin of epithelium

All 3 germ layers

Origin of nervous tissue

Ectoderm

Origin of muscle tissue

Mesoderm

Origin of connective tissue

Mesoderm

Cancer

Intimate Enemy