PHED 5

What is spatial heterogeneity in cancer?

Humans can have two different types of cancer at the same time.

What is temporal heterogeneity in cancer?

It changes with time and can become more aggressive over time.

What characterizes a benign tumor?

It doesn't spread but grows and can turn malignant; if untreated, it can prevent normal body functions.

What characterizes a malignant tumor?

It spreads and is dangerous.

What are the first four stages of cancer typically known for?

They usually aren't deadly.

At what stage does cancer become typically deadly?

It becomes deadly at the fifth stage.

What are the main treatments for cancer?

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

What is a disadvantage of radiation therapy?

It targets cancer cells but also damages nearby normal cells.

How does lifestyle contribute to cancer risk?

Immune memory increases with physical activity, and smoking is linked to 13 different types of cancer.

What connection between cancer and lifestyle was first observed?

The connection emerged in 1775 by British physician Percival Potts.

What is cancer?

A malignant tumor and not considered a single disease, developing from abnormal growth of healthy cells.

What leads to the development of cancer cells?

Chemicals, radiation, viruses, and heredity cause changes to cell genes leading to cancer.

What are some early detection techniques for cancer?

Biopsies, X-ray, genetic testing, endoscopy, blood tests.

What is fine needle aspiration in terms of biopsy?

It removes the least amount of cells.

What does a core needle biopsy entail?

It removes a core sample of cells from a tumor and may require stitches.

What is the purpose of endoscopy?

Allows flexible tubes to be inserted into various sites such as the throat, esophagus, bladder, colon, and rectum for examination.

What percentage of cancer causes is genetic versus lifestyle and behavior?

Genetics account for 5% and lifestyle/behavior accounts for 95%.

What types of cancer are linked to smoking?

Lung, upper respiratory tract, esophagus, oral, tongue, bladder, pancreas, stomach, liver, and kidney cancers.

What is the recommended weekly amount of physical activity to help prevent cancer?

A total of 150 minutes.

How is being overweight linked to cancer risk?

Being overweight or obese is linked to liver, pancreatic, kidney, stomach, and colorectal cancers.