2.8: Other Systems

Reticular Formation

A system of neurons in the brainstem that alerts attention to important neural messages and helps block out non-emergent messages.

Limbic System

A ring of structures surrounding the thalamus that regulates learning, emotional behavior, and memory.

Hippocampus

A part of the limbic system essential for converting short-term memory into long-term memory.

Amygdala

A structure in the limbic system associated with emotions such as rage, fear, and hunger.

Hypothalamus

A brain structure that regulates various bodily functions and controls the pituitary gland.

Pituitary Gland

Often called the "major gland," it influences the release of hormones from other endocrine glands.

Broca’s Area

A specific area in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production; damage results in difficulty forming words.

Wernicke’s Area

A region in the left temporal lobe associated with language comprehension; damage leads to nonsensical speech.

Spinal Cord

A complex cable of nerves connecting the brain to the body, facilitating communication and reflex actions.

Reflex Arc

The pathway for simple reflexes that allows for quicker reactions by bypassing the brain.

Peripheral Nervous System

The system that connects the body to the central nervous system, consisting of sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons.

Somatic Nervous System

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

The division that regulates involuntary functions of internal organs and glands, operating automatically.

Sympathetic System

The arousing division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action in stressful situations.

Parasympathetic System

The calming division of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to a state of homeostasis.

Endocrine System

A system that secretes hormones, affecting various bodily functions through the bloodstream.

Hormones

Chemical substances secreted by glands that influence metabolism, growth, and emotional responses.

Adrenal Glands

Glands that respond to stress by secreting adrenaline and noradrenaline, enhancing energy and strength.

Pancreas

An endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar levels, affecting overall body activity.

Gonads

Sexual organs (testes in males, ovaries in females) that produce hormones influencing sexual development and drive.