History Sem. 2
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115 Terms
caste system
ancient system in india that divided society into hereditary groups based on occupation and social status. abolished in the 1950s but still greatly affects culture
sanskrit
the language of the vedas
vedas
the main holy book of Hinduism
brahmin
the highest caste in the Hindu caste system, traditionally priests and scholars.
kshatriya
the 2nd caste, made up of rulers and warriors
vaishya
the 3rd caste, mostly made up of merchants and farmers
sudra
laborers and servants, do not qualify as “twice born”
untouchables
group that does not have a caste
hinduism
the major religion of India, characterized by a variety of beliefs, practices, and rituals, including the concepts of dharma, karma, and reincarnation.
reincarnation
the idea that every living thing has a soul, and when that thing dies, its soul is reborn in a newly created life
dharma
the fulfillment of a person’s moral duty in the current life so that the soul can avoid punishment in the next life
karma
the belief that a person’s present life reflects what a person did or did not do in a previous life
moksha
the hindu concept of heaven, release from the cycle of life and death
mohandas ghandi
born into the vaishya caste, studied law in england, called “mahatma” and “bapu”
civil disobedience
non-violent and non-cooperative, ghandi’s way of refusing to comply with british law
british imperialism
british rule of india, changes in politics, economics, and society, leads to a rise in indian nationalism
british east india company
controlled trade between britain, india, and east asia, introduced british laws and a new education system, banned certain hindu customs
sepoys
indian soldiers who fought in the british army
sepoy rebellion
rebellion of hindu & muslim soldies against the british in india, as british rifles required soldiers to bite off the end of ammunition cartridges that were greased with pork & beef fat, but muslims don’t eat pork and hindus don’t eat beef
british raj
direct british rule of india, british lived in segregated neighborhoods, few governmental opportunities for indians, rise in indian nationalism
indian national congress
represented all indians, led by gandhi & nehru
muslim league
catered to muslim interests, led by jinnah
amritsar massacre
british soldiers opened fire on a crowd of peaceful protestors, killing 400
salt march
gandhi marches 240 miles in a protest on the british salt monopoly, leading to thousands of indians beginning to produce their own salt
pakistan
the land partitioned from india to be a homeland for the muslims
border wars
deadly riots that broke out as muslims and hindus tried to flee to their new countries
n.v. godu
a hindu radical who assassinated gandhi
kuomintang
the nationalists of china
sun yat sen
led the nationalists/kuomintang
three principles of the people
sun yat sen’s philosophy: nationalism - end foreign control; democracy - people’s rights; economic security - people’s livelihood
yuan shikai
was given power by sun yat sen, but then exiled sen. when shikai dies, sen returns to power
chiang kai-shek
led the nationalists after sun died; turned on the communists in 1927 and drove them from the capital city
chinese communist party
organized in 1921 by mao zedong
mao zedong
founder of the CCP, originally a libraian at beijing university
chinese civil war
1927-1945; ccp vs. nationalists; the nationalists drove the ccp out of the capital; called a truce in 1937 due to the japanese invasion of china; ends in 1945 with the ccp winning and the nationalists fleeing to taiwan
long march
6000-mile journey by the ccp in which mao becomes the defacto leader
nanking massacre
japanese soldiers stormed the capital, assaulting and then killing millions of chinese citizens
great leap foward
5-year plan by mao to increase coal & steel production; failed as peasants weren’t trained for industrial production and led to a massive famine that killed 20 million chinese
collectives
several smaller farms combined into larger, industrial farms
cultural revolution
aimed to revive interest in the revolution among young people and root out oppression
little red book
book of mao’s teachings that citizens were expected to carry with them at all times
red guards
shut down schools and killed over 2 million resistors
deng xiaoping
ccp leader of china, called for market reforms
tiananmen square massacre
pro-democracy movement by students, xiaoping sends the army to crush the protesters
xi jinping
current leader of china, introduced the great firewall which monistors all internet usage in the country, banned winnie the pooh as users online compared his body to that of the bear’s
mongolia
home to one of the largest and most powerful empires
mongolian revolution of 1921
bolsheviks help the mongols split from china
meiji restoration
overthrew the shogunate system and restored the emperors authority
invasion of china
brutal war of conquest for resources
sino-japanese war
invaded korea & parts of china, war for resources
38th parallel
the line by which north and south korea are divided
demilitarized zone
divides north and south korea
syngman rhee
first president of south korea
seoul
capital of south korea
kim il sung
first leader of north korea
kim jong un
current leader of north korea
korean war
nk invades sk, starting the conflict in 1950 and lasting until an armistice was signed in 1953, which left the korean peninsula divided into north and south korea.
general macarthur
leads the combined forces of south korea, the us, and the un to land in incheon and push north korea back against the 28th, later fired for lobbying congress
vietnam
failed effort of containment by the US, divided among the 17th parallel before the north took over and unified as a communist country
muhammad
founded islam. descendant of ishmael, the son of abraham
sunni
one of the two main branches of islam, believes muhammad’s sucessor should be elected
shia
one of the two main branches of islam, believes muhammad’s sucessor should be based on lineage
Qu’ran
the holy book of islam
zionism
movement for a seperate Jewish state
american hostage crisis
iranian rebels held 66 american embassy workers hostage or 444 days
5 pillars of islam
faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage
allah
the muslim name for god
ayatollah
shia religious leaders in iran
jihad
a muslim “holy war”
kabba
holds the black stone, in a courtyard in mecca
mecca
the holiest city in islam, birthplace of muhammad
mosque
muslim place of worship
diaspora
the dispersion of jews
synagogue
the jewish place of worship
torah
jewish holy book
talmud
written version of jewish oral law
rabbi
jewish religious leader
passover
celebrates the israelites’ liberation from egypt
yom kippur
day of atonement & fasting in judaismIt is considered the holiest day in Judaism, marked by prayer, reflection, and repentance.
hussein-mcmahon
british support for an arab state
sykes-picot
agreement dividing the ottoman territories
balfour declaration
support for a jewish state
six day war
A conflict in 1967 between Israel and its neighboring Arab states, resulting in significant territorial gains for Israel.
yom kippur war
A 1973 conflict between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria, marking a significant military confrontation in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
camp david accords
A series of agreements reached in 1978 between Israel and Egypt, facilitating peace between the two nations and leading to the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. led by jimmy carter
anwar sadat
leader of egypt during the camp david accords
menahem begin
leader of israel during hte camp david accords