APHUG - Unit 2A Population Terminology 2022-23

Carrying Capacity

The number of people a given area's natural resources can support; can be augmented by technological adaptations and regional or global trade dynamics.

Stationary Population Level

The population reached when growth has leveled off; projections suggest the will occur globally after 2050

Arithmetic Population Density

A measure of total population relative to land size; formula = population divided by land area in km2

Physiological Population Density

The number of people in a country per unit of arable (land under agricultural cultivation) land; formula = population divided by arable land in km2;

Agricultural Population Density

The number of farmers in a country per unit of arable land; formula = population of farmers divided by arable land in km2

Malthusian Theory

A late 18th century theory put forth by Thomas Malthus which suggests food production will not keep pace with population leading to calamities (positive checks) which will temporarily reduce populations; Malthus advocated for preventative checks like abstinence and delayed marriage to avoid calamities; main criticism is failure to predict innovations in food production

Natural Increase (of Population)

Births + Immigration - Deaths + Emigration = Natural Increase

Crude Birth Rate

Number of live births per year per thousand people in population

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per year per thousand people in population

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman of childbearing age (15 to 44); TFR of 2.1 = 0 Population Growth Rate

Population Growth Rate

The rate at which a population grows in a year expressed as a percentage; can be negative

Population Doubling Time

The years it takes for a country's population to double; Formula = 70 divided by % growth rate

Median Age

The age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. (CIA World Fact Book Definition)

Net Migration Rate

The difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons. An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate does not distinguish between economic migrants, refugees, and other types of migrants nor does it distinguish between lawful migrants and undocumented migrants. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Urbanization

The percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Sex Ratio

The number of males for each female. Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertility patterns. Eventually, it could cause unrest among young adult males who are unable to find partners. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

The mean (average) age of mothers at the birth of their first child. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Life Expectancy at Birth

The average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

The percent of women of reproductive age (15-49) who are married or in union and are using, or whose sexual partner is using, a method of contraception according to the date of the most recent available data. The contraceptive prevalence rate is an indicator of health services, development, and women's empowerment. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Drinking Water, Improved

The use of any of the following sources: piped water into dwelling, yard, or plot; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. (Unimproved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: unprotected dug well; unprotected spring; cart with small tank or drum; tanker truck; surface water, which includes rivers, dams, lakes, ponds, streams, canals or irrigation channels; or bottled water.) (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Physicians Density

The number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1,000 of the population. The World Health Organization estimates that fewer than 2.3 health workers (physicians, nurses, and midwives only) per 1,000 would be insufficient to achieve coverage of primary healthcare needs. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Hospital Bed Density

The number of hospital beds per 1,000 people; it serves as a general measure of inpatient service availability. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Improved Sanitation

The use of any of the following facilities: flush or pour-flush to a piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; pit latrine with slab; or a composting toilet. (Unimproved sanitation - use of any of the following facilities: flush or pour-flush not piped to a sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; pit latrine without a slab or open pit; bucket; hanging toilet or hanging latrine; shared facilities of any type; no facilities; or bush or field.) (CIA World Factbook Definition)

School Life Expectancy

The total number of years of schooling (primary to tertiary) that a child can expect to receive, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular future age is equal to the current enrollment ratio at that age. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Read GDP Per Capita

The sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States in the year noted divided by the country's population. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries.

Share of Labor Force in Agriculture

Share of people of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit in the agriculture sector (agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing).

Pronatalist Population Policies

Governmental policies which seek to promote population growth

Antinatalist Population Policies

Governmental policies which seek to discourage population growth

Demographic Transition Model

A model which establishes 4 stages of population growth by plotting birth and death rates; suggests countries move through stages as they develop

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model which establishes changing causes in a country's death rates through time; ties in with Demographic Transition Model

Child Marriage

The prevalence of child marriage in a country. Most girls who marry early drop out of school and often have early, high-risk pregnancies. Child brides are also at risk of abuse, exploitation, and separation from relatives and friends. (CIA World Factbook Definition)

Child Mortality Rate

Deaths of children between 1 and 5 per 1,000 births in a given population

Infectious Disease

Invasion of organisms like viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi which multiply in the body and cause disease; e.g. influenza, COVID-19

Chronic Disease

Maladies more typical of old age; e.g. heart disease, cancer, stroke

Genetic Disease

Diseases passed down through DNA

Sporadic

When a disease occurs infrequently and irregularly (CDC Definition)

Endemic

When a disease maintains a constant presence in a population within a geographic area (CDC Definition)

Epidemic

When there is an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. (CDC Definition)

Pandemic

When an epidemic has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. (CD Definition)

Vectored Disease

A disease spread by a vector; vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated; examples are malaria and dengue spread by mosquitos and lyme disease spread by ticks

Non-vectored Disease

A disease spread from human to human without a vector; e.g. Influenza, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19

Population Composition

The proportions of age groups and gender groups in a country

Population Pyramid

A graphic method for representing population composition; used to assess population growth and decline & markets for services

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of the number of dependents (0 to 14 & 65+) to the total working-age population (15-64) in a country or region; a higher number indicates a greater burden on the working-age population