World History 9th Grade Final Exam Review

Vocabulary flashcards related to history, politics, innovations, culture, economics, and various historical periods and events.

Artifacts

Objects made by humans, especially those of historical or cultural interest.

Primary Sources

Original materials from a specific time period used for historical research.

Secondary Sources

Accounts or interpretations of historical events created after the event.

Bias

A pre-existing preference or inclination that prevents impartial judgment.

Out of Africa Theory

Theory that modern humans originated from Africa and spread throughout the world.

Neolithic Revolution

The development of agriculture and domestication of animals, leading to settled communities.

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Book by Jared Diamond arguing geographical and environmental factors shaped the course of history.

Traits of Civilization

Characteristics that define a complex society, such as cities, government, and social structure.

Athenian Democracy

A system of government in which eligible citizens participate directly in decision-making.

Roman Republic

A government in which elected officials represent the citizens.

Hammurabi’s Code

A set of laws compiled during the reign of King Hammurabi of Babylon.

Cuneiform

Writing system of the ancient Middle East, characterized by wedge-shaped marks.

Abrahamic Religions

Religions that acknowledge Abraham as a key figure in their history.

Cultural Diffusion

The transmission of customs or beliefs from one generation to another.

Conflict

A serious disagreement or argument.

Power

The influence or control over the behavior of people.

Inequity

A lack of fairness or justice.

Innovation

A new method of addressing a problem.

Interconnectedness

The state of having connections or relationships with other people.

Environment

The area around us in which we live.

Scarcity

The state of not having enough of something.

Magna Carta

A document guaranteeing English political liberties that was drafted at Runnymede, in 1215.

Crusades

A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.

Black Plague

A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.

Feudalism

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese concept granting rulers authority based on just rule.

Mansa Musa

The tenth emperor of the Mali Empire, who traveled from his capital to Cairo and then to Mecca to complete his religious pilgrimage.

Caravan

A sequence of camels carrying passengers and goods on a regular route between points.

Pax Mongolica

A period of Eurasian history between the 13th and 14th centuries during which the Mongol Empire stabilized the vast territory that they conquered.

Silk Roads

An ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

Ibn Battuta

A Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler who documented his journeys throughout the Islamic world.

Bantu

Relating to the group of Bantu languages and the people who speak them.

Cultural Diffusion

The process in which numerous elements of culture may spread from one individual or group to another, regardless of the scale.

Fall of Constantinople

The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Interdependence

An economic and political system in which countries dependence on each other for goods, resources, and knowledge

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

Companies that operate in several countries

Outsourcing

Contracting work out to an external organization

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Financial Imperialism

The practice of one country extending financial institutions and practices over less developed countries to dominate their economies.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Convention creating intergovernmental organization to promote and protect human rights

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Weapons that can inflict widespread destruction or death.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Appeasement

Countries followed this policy with Hitler in hopes of avoiding war.

Fascism

Ideology and political system characterized by strong central control, militarism, and often a dictator.

US Internment of the Japanese

United States policy of imprisoning people of Japanese decent during WW2.

Atlantic Charter

Charter declaring the Allies' goals for the post-war world.

United Nations

International organization founded after World War II to promote peace and cooperation.

Space Race

Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve superior spaceflight capability.

Marshall Plan

U.S. plan to provide economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after World War II.

Truman Doctrine

US policy of providing economic and military aid to countries resisting communism.

Glasnost

Soviet policy of openness and transparency.

Perestroika

Soviet policy of restructuring the economy.

Iron Curtain

Coined By Winston Churchill in reference to The Ideological boarder between eastern/western Europe

Decolonization

The act of freeing a country from being dependent on another country

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader.

The indirect causes of WW1

Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism

Zimmerman Telegraph

Message sent by Germany to Mexico urging Mexico to attack the U.S.

Vladmir Lenin

Russian revolutionary and founder of Bolshevism.

John Locke

English philosopher who developed the first modern theory of empiricism and political liberalism.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A major Swiss philosopher, writer and composer of the Enlightenment. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought.

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher who argued for the separation of powers.

Voltaire

A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church.

Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan

Smith

Founder of classical free market economic theory, and therefore often seen as the 'father of economics.'

Descartes

French mathematician, philosopher and scientist. Pioneer of analytic geometry.

Jacobins

After the monarchy is overthrown, which faction takes over during the French Revolution?

Robspierre

French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

Guillotine

A machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.

Continental System

Napoleon's strategy to blockade trade with Great Britain.

Metternich

Leader of the Congress of Vienna.

Robert Owens

economic historian who has specialized in the study of innovation and creativity

Peninsulares

In Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain

Miguel Hidalgo

A Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence

José María Morelos

Was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and insurgent leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement

Agustin de Iturbide

Was a Mexican army general and politician. During the Mexican War of Independence, he built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City on 27 September 1821

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin American Wars of Independence

José de San Martin

Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America’s successful struggle for independence

Banana Republic

A small nation that is dependent on one export (like bananas).