Kant 2

According to the source, Immanuel Kant's life was characterized by a legendary restriction and _.

regularity

In his 'Critique of Pure Reason', how did Kant revolutionize the understanding of perception?

He showed that the mind actively creates the sensual world, rather than passively receiving objective sense data.

According to Kant, why do we experience the world of senses as if it were objectively present, despite the mind's active creation of it?

Because each mind has essentially the same equipment and performs the same creative operations prior to consciousness.

In his 'Critique of Judgment', Kant argues that judgments of beauty are subjective and exist only in the _ of the beholder.

eye

What is the primary interest of Kant in the 'Critique of Judgment': the object's essence or the mind's processes?

The mind's processes; he is described as more of a psychologist than a metaphysician.

What is the first of Kant's four categories used to analyze aesthetic judgment?

Quality.

Under the category of Quality, Kant distinguishes beauty from what two other types of judgments?

Judgments of utility and ethical goodness.

What term does Kant use to describe the personal satisfaction in a thing of beauty, which is free from individual or collective interests?

Disinterested.

According to Kant's 'First Moment', a judgment of taste is not a judgment of cognition, but is instead _.

aesthetical

The satisfaction which we combine with the representation of the existence of an object is called _.

interest

According to Kant, to play the judge in things of taste, one must be completely _ regarding the existence of the things.

indifferent

Kant states that 'that which pleases the senses in sensation' is defined as the _.

pleasant

How does Kant distinguish the 'good' from the 'pleasant' and 'beautiful'?

The 'good' is what pleases by means of reason through a concept of purpose.

What must one have to find something 'good,' which is not required to find something 'beautiful'?

A concept of what sort of a thing the object ought to be.

Judgments about the pleasant, the beautiful, and the good all designate different relations of representations to the feeling of _ or _.

pleasure or pain

Of the three kinds of satisfaction (pleasant, beautiful, good), which one does Kant identify as the only 'disinterested and free satisfaction'?

The satisfaction of taste in the beautiful.

What is Kant's definition of taste, resulting from the First Moment of analysis?

The faculty of judging an object by an entirely disinterested satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

What is the second of Kant's four categories used to analyze aesthetic judgment?

Quantity.

Under the category of Quantity, Kant claims that the judgment of taste is _, like moral judgments, not singular.

universal

When someone judges a thing to be beautiful, what does Kant say they implicitly impute to everyone else?

The same judgment of satisfaction.

Why does Kant say a judgment of taste must claim validity for every person?

Because the satisfaction is disinterested, it is not based on any private conditions, and thus must be grounded on what can be presupposed in everyone.

In comparing the beautiful with the pleasant, Kant states that for the pleasant, the fundamental proposition is: 'Everyone has his own _.'

taste (the taste of sense)

According to Kant, why would it be laughable to say 'This object is beautiful for me'?

Because if something is called beautiful, it supposes in others the same satisfaction and is judged not just for oneself, but for everyone.

The universality in a judgment of taste does not rest on concepts of objects and is therefore not logical but _.

aesthetical

What is Kant's definition of the beautiful, resulting from the Second Moment of analysis?

That which pleases universally without requiring a concept.

What is the third of Kant's four categories used to analyze aesthetic judgment?

Relation.

Under the category of Relation, what central experience in a beautiful object does Kant identify?

The form of 'purposiveness without purpose' (ZweckmaBigkeit ohne Zweck).

Explain Kant's concept of 'purposiveness without purpose.'

An object appears to have an internal, rational structure (like a machine designed for a purpose), but it serves no external end and is an end in itself.

According to Kant, can the judgment of taste be determined by the representation of an objective purpose or a concept of the good?

No, because it is an aesthetical and not a cognitive judgment.

What constitutes the satisfaction that we judge to be universally communicable in an aesthetic judgment?

The mere form of purposiveness in the representation by which an object is given to us, so far as we are conscious of it.

Term: Free beauty (pulchritudo vaga)

A type of beauty that presupposes no concept of what the object ought to be, such as a flower or abstract designs.

Term: Dependent beauty (pulchritudo adhaerens)

A type of beauty that presupposes a concept of the object's purpose and its perfection, such as the beauty of a person, a horse, or a church.

In judging a _ beauty, the judgment of taste is pure.

free

How does judging an object based on a concept of its purpose affect the purity of the judgment of taste?

It injures the purity of the judgment because it limits the freedom of the imagination.

What is Kant's definition of beauty derived from the Third Moment of analysis?

Beauty is the form of the purposiveness of an object, so far as this is perceived in it without any representation of a purpose.

What is the fourth and final of Kant's four categories used to analyze aesthetic judgment?

Modality.

Under the category of Modality, Kant states that the necessity thought in an aesthetical judgment is not objective or practical, but _.

exemplary

What does Kant mean when he says the necessity of an aesthetic judgment is 'exemplary'?

It is a necessity of the assent of all to a judgment that is regarded as an example of a universal rule that we cannot state.

What subjective principle, according to Kant, must a judgment of taste have to determine what pleases or displeases with universal validity?

A common sense (sensus communis).

Kant's idea of a 'common sense' refers to the effect resulting from the free play of our _ powers.

cognitive

What is Kant's definition of the beautiful, resulting from the Fourth Moment of analysis?

The beautiful is that which without any concept is cognized as the object of a necessary satisfaction.

In the General Remark, Kant summarizes taste as a faculty for judging an object in reference to the imagination's free _ to law.

conformity

What kind of regularity does Kant say is repugnant to taste because it produces weariness?

All stiff regularity, such as that which approximates mathematical regularity.

What key difference does Kant identify between the beautiful and the sublime regarding form?

The beautiful is connected with the form of the object (boundaries), while the sublime is found in a formless object (boundlessness).

The satisfaction in the beautiful involves restful contemplation, whereas the feeling of the sublime is a pleasure that arises only _.

indirectly

How does Kant describe the psychological experience of the sublime?

A momentary checking of the vital powers followed by a consequent stronger outflow of them, experienced as an emotion.

The satisfaction in the sublime does not so much involve positive pleasure as it does admiration or _, which Kant calls 'negative pleasure.'

respect

According to Kant, can any sensible form properly contain the sublime?

No, the sublime concerns only ideas of reason that are aroused by the inadequacy of sensible presentation.

Unlike the beautiful, which can reveal a purposiveness in nature, the sublime reveals a purposiveness in the use of our _ of nature.

intuitions

What are the two divisions of the sublime that Kant outlines?

The mathematically sublime and the dynamically sublime.

Kant's analysis of the mathematically sublime deals with what is absolutely _.

great

Where does Kant ultimately locate the sublime: in the objects of nature or in our ideas?

Only in our ideas.

The sublime is that, the mere ability to _ which shows a faculty of the mind surpassing every standard of sense.

think

The feeling of the sublime is a feeling of pain arising from the want of accordance between the imagination's estimation of magnitude and _ 's estimation.

reason

What is the source of pleasure in the experience of the sublime?

The correspondence of our judgment with rational ideas, as our faculty of sense is found inadequate to them, which confirms our supersensible destination.

How does Kant define 'might' in his discussion of the sublime?

That which is superior to great hindrances.

Nature, considered in an aesthetical judgment as might that has no dominion over us, is _ sublime.

dynamically

For nature to be judged as dynamically sublime, it must be represented as exciting _.

fear

Why can an object be judged as sublime only when we are in a position of security?

Because one who is actually afraid cannot form a judgment about the sublime; it is impossible to find satisfaction in a terror that is seriously felt.

When we experience the dynamically sublime, we recognize our physical impotence but discover a faculty of _ independently of and a superiority over nature.

judging

Kant argues that nature is called sublime because it elevates the imagination to a presentation of cases in which the mind can make felt the proper sublimity of its own _.

destination

In section 49, Kant shifts from the issue of taste to the romantic issue of _.

genius

Term: Spirit (in an aesthetical sense)

The animating principle of the mind, which is the faculty of presenting aesthetical ideas.

Term: Aesthetical Idea

A representation of the imagination which occasions much thought, without any definite concept being adequate to it.

An aesthetical idea is the counterpart (pendant) of a _ idea, which is a concept to which no intuition can be adequate.

rational

According to Kant, what are the two mental powers whose union in a certain happy relation constitutes genius?

Imagination and understanding.

In genius, the imagination is free from all guidance of rules and yet is _ in reference to the presentment of the given concept.

purposive

The product of a genius serves not as a model to be imitated, but as an example to be _ by another genius.

followed

What does Kant call the mere aping of a genius's peculiarities and departures from common rules?

Mannerism.

The consumer of art must also be a producer because comprehending the artist's _ ideas requires the free play of the listener's or viewer's imagination.

aesthetical

For Kant, what is the primary mental faculty in genius?

The imagination.

What kind of judgment involves an interest in the existence of an object and is connected to the faculty of desire?

A judgment of the 'good' or the 'pleasant'.

Why, according to Kant, can there be no objective rule of taste that determines by concepts what is beautiful?

Because the judgment of taste is aesthetical, its determining ground is the subjective feeling of the harmony of the cognitive powers, not a concept of the object.

Kant distinguishes two ways of expressing oneself: a manner (modus aestheticus) and a _ (modus logicus).

method