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Sex
A person’s innate biological status as male or female, determined by different chromosomes (XX or XY)
Gender
The psychosocial status of males or females including attitudes, behaviour and social role associated with being male or female
Sex-role stereotype
A set of expectations of appropriate behaviour for males and females in a society
Gender identity disorder
A condition where biological sex and gender identity do not correspond
Androgyny
Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics
Bem sex role inventory
Systematic attempt to measure androgyny on a scale of 60 traits to produce scores on masculinity-femininity and androgynous-undifferentiated
Masculinity
A gender term associated with male traits/roles
Femininity
A gender term associated with female traits/roles
Mental health
High levels of androgyny associated with better mental health because it can adapt to a greater range of situations
Chromosomes
23 pairs in humans containing genetic information, 23rd pair determine biological sex: XX for female, XY for male
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs
Testosterone
A hormone produced mainly in the male testes (smaller amounts in the female ovaries)
Oestrogen
Primary female hormone important in the development of the menstrual cycle and reproductive system
Oxytocin
The ‘love’ hormone produced during labour and stimulates lactation
Atypical sex chromosome patterns
Any set of chromosome patterns that deviates from the usual XX/XY
Klinefelter’s sydrome
Males with the pattern XXY rather than XY
Physical effects of Klinefeter’s sydrome
Tallness, underdeveloped genitals, breast development and lacking body hair
Psychological effects of Klinefelter’s sydrome
Being passive, shy and having poor language development
Turner’s syndrome
Females where there is only one X (XO) chromosome instead of XX
Physical effects of Turner’s syndrome
Small stature, webbed neck and no ovaries
Psychological effects of Turner’s sydrome
Higher than average reading ability, poor peer relationships, visual memory and maths skills
Gender identity
Around age 2, child recognises they are a boy or a girl and labels others as such
Gender stability
Around age 4, own gender is fixed over time and they will be male or female when they are older
Gender constancy
Around age 6 or 7. Own gender and other peoples gender is consistent over time and situations
Imitation of role models
Once children achieve gender constancy, they seek out gender-appropriate role models to identify with and imitate
Kohlberg’s theory
Believes that gender development including gender identity and gender roles is determined by a child’s level of thinking and understanding, and that there are three distinct stages of full gender identity- gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy