Gender key terms

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26 Terms

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Sex

A person’s innate biological status as male or female, determined by different chromosomes (XX or XY)

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Gender

The psychosocial status of males or females including attitudes, behaviour and social role associated with being male or female

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Sex-role stereotype

A set of expectations of appropriate behaviour for males and females in a society

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Gender identity disorder

A condition where biological sex and gender identity do not correspond

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Androgyny

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics

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Bem sex role inventory

Systematic attempt to measure androgyny on a scale of 60 traits to produce scores on masculinity-femininity and androgynous-undifferentiated

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Masculinity

A gender term associated with male traits/roles

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Femininity

A gender term associated with female traits/roles

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Mental health

High levels of androgyny associated with better mental health because it can adapt to a greater range of situations

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Chromosomes

23 pairs in humans containing genetic information, 23rd pair determine biological sex: XX for female, XY for male

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Hormones

Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs

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Testosterone

A hormone produced mainly in the male testes (smaller amounts in the female ovaries)

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Oestrogen

Primary female hormone important in the development of the menstrual cycle and reproductive system

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Oxytocin

The ‘love’ hormone produced during labour and stimulates lactation

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Atypical sex chromosome patterns

Any set of chromosome patterns that deviates from the usual XX/XY

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Klinefelter’s sydrome

Males with the pattern XXY rather than XY

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Physical effects of Klinefeter’s sydrome

Tallness, underdeveloped genitals, breast development and lacking body hair

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Psychological effects of Klinefelter’s sydrome

Being passive, shy and having poor language development

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Turner’s syndrome

Females where there is only one X (XO) chromosome instead of XX

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Physical effects of Turner’s syndrome

Small stature, webbed neck and no ovaries

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Psychological effects of Turner’s sydrome

Higher than average reading ability, poor peer relationships, visual memory and maths skills

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Gender identity

Around age 2, child recognises they are a boy or a girl and labels others as such

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Gender stability

Around age 4, own gender is fixed over time and they will be male or female when they are older

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Gender constancy

Around age 6 or 7. Own gender and other peoples gender is consistent over time and situations

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Imitation of role models

Once children achieve gender constancy, they seek out gender-appropriate role models to identify with and imitate

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Kohlberg’s theory

Believes that gender development including gender identity and gender roles is determined by a child’s level of thinking and understanding, and that there are three distinct stages of full gender identity- gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy