Untitled Flashcards Set

Mere-exposure effect

Being around someone a lot makes you like them more or be drawn to them more.

Just world phenomenon

Theory that the world is fair and people ultimately get what they deserve, which leads to victim blaming.

Fundamental attribution error

Overemphasizing the role of someone's personality in causing something bad to happen to them when it was due to situational factors.

Situational attribution

Explains behavior by attributing it to external factors or the environment instead of internal characteristics.

Self serving bias

Attributing our successes to our efforts/qualities but our failures to external factors.

Social trap

Conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their own interests, get caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Deindividuation

Individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and personal responsibility in a group.

Implicit bias

Unconscious or hidden biases affecting our thoughts/actions.

Explicit bias

Conscious attitude about people/groups.

Self fulfilling prophecy

The belief or expectation of something influences the actual result.

Stereotype threat

Awareness of negative stereotypes about one's group causing anxiety and underperformance.

Obedience to authority

Compliance of a person's behavior with someone in command.

Individualistic societies

Prioritize individual achievements.

Collectivist societies

Emphasize group harmony and interdependence.

Cognitive dissonance

Mental discomfort when a person holds conflicting beliefs.

Stereotype

Generalized belief or assumption about a group often based on biased information.

Discrimination

Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.

Polarization

Group discussions leading to more extreme opinions than held individually.

Out group bias

Preference for those within your own group and discrimination against those outside it.

In group bias

Discrimination in favor of one's own group.

Superordinate goals

Goals requiring the cooperation of two or more groups to achieve.

Bystander effect

In a large group, individuals see something wrong and pass the responsibility to others.

Altruism

Unselfish concern for the well-being of others without expecting a reward.

Groupthink

Desire for harmony in a group overrides realistic thinking, leading to bad outcomes.

Social facilitation

Improved performance on tasks when others are watching.

Homogeneity

Tendency to view people of other groups as more similar to each other than to one's own group.

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Peripheral and central routes of persuasion.

Peripheral route of persuasion

Uses emotions and superficial cues to influence.

Central route of persuasion

Uses logic and evidence to influence.

Foot in the door

Getting someone to agree to a small favor before asking for a larger one.

Door in the face

More likely to agree to a smaller request after declining a larger one.

Lowballing

Make someone commit to an attractive offer, then change the terms after commitment.

Informational social influence

Believing what everyone else says about reality.

Social loafing

In a large group, some people tend to let others do the work.

External locus of control

Belief that outcomes in life are determined by external factors.

Internal locus of control

Belief that individuals have control over their actions and outcomes.

Optimal arousal - Yerkes-Dodson law

Performance is best at a moderate level of arousal.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a balanced internal state.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory that outlines the order of human needs from basic to self-actualization.

Instinct theory

Theory that suggests behaviors are motivated by biological drives.

Incentive

External rewards that motivate behavior.

Intrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding.

Extrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior to earn rewards or avoid punishment.

Lewin’s motivational approach

Describes different types of motivational conflict.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choosing between two undesirable options.

Approach-approach conflict

Choosing between two desirable options.

Approach-avoidance conflict

A choice that has both positive and negative outcomes.

Drive reduction

behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal tension

Display rules

Cultural norms for the appropriate expression of emotions.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Cognitive appraisal

an individual's interpretation and evaluation of a situation, event, or stimulus, which then influences their emotional and behavioral responses.

Universality of emotion

Many emotions are understood across different cultures.

Paul Ekman

Psychologist known for his work on emotion and facial expressions.

Self efficacy

Belief in one’s capabilities to achieve a goal.

Big five

Five broad domains of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Self determination

The ability to control one's own life and make choices.

Reciprocal determinism

The interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment in influencing behavior.

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.

Unconditional positive regard

Accepting and valuing a person without conditions or qualifications.

Defense mechanisms

Psychological strategies to cope with anxiety and stress.

Regression

A defense mechanism where an individual reverts to earlier stages of development.

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism where one acts in the opposite way of their feelings.

Displacement

Redirecting emotions from a dangerous object to a safer one.

Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others.

Repression

Blocking thoughts or memories from consciousness.

Denial

Refusal to accept reality or facts.

Rationalization

Creating logical excuses for behaviors that are actually driven by emotional needs.

Perspectives in personality

Different approaches to understanding personality: psychoanalytic, cognitive, humanistic, and trait.

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Cognitive perspective

Emphasizes mental processes and thoughts.

Humanistic perspective

Stresses individual growth and potential.

Trait perspective

Focuses on measuring and identifying personality traits.