Untitled Flashcards Set

Unit 4 study guide 2024

Social psychology

1. Mere-exposure effect

   1. Being around someone a lot makes you like them more or be drawn to them more 

2. Just world phenomenon 

   1. Theory that world is fair and people ultimately get what they deserve → lead to victim blaming and less focus on situational factors when bad things happen 

3. Fundamental attribution error

   1. Overemphasizing the role of someone’s personality in causing something bad to happen to them when it was because of situational factors

4. Situational attribution

   1. Explains behaviour by attributing it to external factors or the environment instead of internal characteristics 

5. Self serving bias

   1. Attributing our successes to our efforts/ qualities but our failures are because of external factors 

6. Social trap

   1. Conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their own interests, get caught in mutually destructive behavior 

7. Deindividuation

   1. Individuals lose their sense of self awareness and personal responsibility when they are in a group → they do things they wouldn’t normally do while by themselves 

8. Implicit / explicit bias

   1. Explicit bias is a conscious attitude about people/groups, but implicit bias is when it is unconsciousness/ hidden biases that affect our thoughts/actions 

9. Self fulfilling prophecy

   1. The belief or expectation of something influences the actual result 

10. Stereotype threat

    1. Individuals who are aware of negative stereotypes about their group experience anxiety about confirming those beliefs → leads to underperformance

11. Obedience to authority

    1. A person’s behaviour in compliance with someone in command 

12. Individualistic vs collectivist societies

    1. Individualistic societies prioritize individual achievements while collectivist societies emphasize group harmony and interdependence 

13. Cognitive dissonance

    1. Mental discomfort when a person holds conflicting beliefs which leads to them trying to remove the discomfort 

14. Stereotype

    1. Generalized belief or assumption about a group of people often based on biased information 

15. Discrimination

    1. Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people 

16. Polarization 

    1. Tendency for group discussions to lead to more extreme opinions than those held by individual members before the discussion 

17. Out group/in group bias

    1. Preference for those in a similar group than you and discrimination against those who aren’t

18. Superordinate goals

    1. Goals that require cooperation between two or more groups to achieve 

19. Bystander effect

    1. When being in a large group and you see something wrong, you pass the responsibility to take action onto someone else 

20. Altruism

    1. Unselfish concern for the wellbeing of others and not expecting a reward 

21. Group think

    1. Thinking where desire for harmony in a group overrides realistic thinking of individuals and leads to bad outcomes 

22. Social facilitation

    1. Improved performance of tasks while others are watching 

23. Homogeneity

    1. Tendency to thing people of other groups are more similar to each other instead of being similar to your group 

24. Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

    1. Peripheral route of persuasion

       1. Uses emotions and superficial cues 

    2. Central route of permission

       1. Uses logic and evidence to influence

25. Foot in the door 

    1. Once you get someone to agree to a small favour, then try and get them to agree to more

26. Door in the face

    1. People more likely to say yes to something smaller after saying no the first time to something else 

27. Lowballing

    1. Make someone commit to an initial attractive offer, but then change the terms after they commit 

28. Informational social influence

    1. Believing everything everyone else says about reality 

29. Social loafing

    1. When in a large group doing work, some people tend to let the others do the work and not work as hard 

Motivation

1. External locus of control

   1. Belief that outcomes in life are determined by external factors beyond one’s control 

2. Internal locus of control

   1. Belief that an individual has control over their own actions and outcomes in life 

3. Optimal arousal- yerkes dodson 

4. Homeostasis

5. Hierarchy of needs- self actualization 

6. Instinct theory

7. incentive

8. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

9. Lewin’s motivational approach

   1. Avoidance avoidance

   2. Approach approach

   3. Approach avoidance

10. Drive reduction

Emotion

1. Display rules

2. Facial feedback hypothesis

3. Cognitive appraisal

4. Universality of emotion

5. Paul Ekman

Personality

1. Self efficacy

2. Big five

3. Self determination

4. Reciprocal determinism

5. Prosocial behavior

6. Unconditional positive regard

7. Defense mechanisms

   1. Regression

   2. Reaction formation

   3. Displacement

   4. Projection

   5. Repression

   6. Denial

   7. rationalization

8. Perspectives in personality

   1. Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic

   2. Cognitive

   3. Humanistic

   4. Trait