Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

 **fluid compartment**

a location that is largely separate from another compartment by some form of a physical barrier.

**Metabolic Compensation**

 for respiratory diseases that can create acidosis revolves around the conservation of bicarbonate ions.

**Respiratory Compensation**

for metabolic acidosis increases the respiratory rate to drive off CO2 and readjust the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio to the 20:1 level.

**Sodium**

the major cation of the extracellular fluid.

**Electrolyte Balance**

The body contains a large variety of ions, or electrolytes, which perform a variety of functions.

**Respiratory alkalosis**

occurs when the blood is overly alkaline due to a deficiency in carbonic acid and CO2 levels in the blood.

**Respiratory acidosis**

occurs when the blood is overly acidic due to an excess of carbonic acid, resulting from too much CO2 in the blood.

**Metabolic alkalosis**

is the opposite of metabolic acidosis.

**Metabolic acidosis**

occurs when the blood is too acidic (pH below 7.35) due to too little bicarbonate, a condition called primary bicarbonate deficiency.

**Potassium**

 is the major intracellular cation

**Hypernatremia**

is an abnormal increase of blood sodium.

**Hypocapnia**

or abnormally low blood levels of CO2, occurs with any cause of hyperventilation that drives off the CO2, such as salicylate toxicity, elevated room temperatures, fever, or hysteria.

**Hypercapnia**

or abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2, occurs in any situation that impairs respiratory functions, including pneumonia and congestive heart failure.

**Hyperphosphatemia**

or abnormally increased levels of phosphates in the blood, occurs if there is decreased renal function or in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

**Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer**

works in a fashion similar to phosphate buffers

**Hemoglobin**

is the principal protein inside of red blood cells and accounts for one-third of the mass of the cell.

**Buffer Systems in the Body**

 are extremely efficient, and different systems work at different rates.

**Angiotensin II**

causes vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic blood pressure.

**Hypophosphatemia**

or abnormally low phosphate blood levels, occurs with heavy use of antacids, during alcohol withdrawal, and during malnourishment.

**Hypercalcemia**

or abnormally high calcium blood levels, is seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.

**Chloride**

is the predominant extracellular anion.

**Bicarbonate**

is the second most abundant anion in the blood.

**Hypocalcemia**

or abnormally low calcium blood levels, is seen in hypoparathyroidism, which may follow the removal of the thyroid gland, because the four nodules of the parathyroid gland are embedded in it.

**Hypochloremia**

or lower-than-normal blood chloride levels, can occur because of defective renal tubular absorption.

**Hyperkalemia**

an elevated potassium blood level, also can impair the function of skeletal muscles, the nervous system, and the heart.

**interstitial fluid (IF)**

that surrounds all cells not in the blood

**intracellular fluid (ICF)**

compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes.

**Extracellular fluid (ECF)**

surrounds all cells in the body

**Hydrostatic pressure**

the force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causes movement of fluid between compartments.

**Plasma osmolality**

is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma

**Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)**

also known as vasopressin, controls the amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts and tubules in the kidney.

**Hypokalemia**

is an abnormally low potassium blood level.

**Hyponatremia**

is a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium, usually associated with excess water accumulation in the body, which dilutes the sodium.

**Hypercalcemia**

or abnormally high calcium blood levels, is seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.