Chapter 6 Skeletal System

What are the general characteristics of cartilage?

avascular, no innervated, perichondrium, produced by chondrocytes

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

What is the most abundant cartilage?

Hyaline

What does red marrow produce?

RBC, WBC, platelets

In what part of bone and in what type of bones does blood cell formation occur?

red bone marrow, flat and ends of long

What does yellow marrow produce?

fat storage

What are the functions of bone?

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, fat storage, blood cell formation

What mineral and growth factors are stored in bone?

calcium and phosphate

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

nose tip, respiratory tract, costal cartilage, where joints form

Where is elastic cartilage found?

ear pinnae, epiglottis

Where is fibrocartilage found?

spine discs, pubic symphysis, knee meniscus 

Organic components make up ____% of mass and contribute to bone ____ and ____. Inorganic components make up ____% and are responsible for ____.

35, structure, flexibility, 65, hardness

What are the organic cells of bone tissue?

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

What are the inorganic components of bone tissue?

calcium phosphates 

Where are osteogenic cells found? What do they give rise to?

periosteum and endosteum, osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are young and secrete ____.

matrix

Osteoblasts become completely surrounded by and turn into ____.

Osteocytes

Osteocytes maintain what?

matrix

Osteoclasts ____  ____ bone by secreting _____ that release ____ and ____ ____ into blood.

break down, enzymes, calcium, amino acids 

What two bone tissue work together for growth and remodeling?

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

What are the orange and tan parts of the skeleton?

axial, appendicular

What is the external layer of bone?

compact 

What is the internal layer with honeycomb appearance?

spongy

Long bones

length>width

Short bones

cube

Flat bones

thin, flat

According to location, to what part of the

skeleton do the ribs belong?

Axial

Label red 

Articular cartilage

Label orange

Spongy bone

Label yellow

Epiphyseal line 

Label green

Compact bone

Label light blue 

Medullary cavity

Label dark blue

Yellow marrow

Label purple

Periosteum

Label magenta

proximal and distal epiphysis 

What does the endosteum line?

internal surfaces

Periosteum surrounds the entire bone except where there is:

articular cartilage 

Label red

Compact bone

Label orange

Spongy bone

Label yellow

Perforating canal

Label green

Endosteum

Label dark green

Perforating fibers 

Label teal

Periosteal blood vessel

Label dark blue

Lamellae

Label purple

Circumferential lamellae 

Label pink

Osteon

Label magenta

Central canal 

Before 8 weeks, embryo’s skeleton is made of

______ cartilage and membranes; bone tissue

will eventually _____ most of these existing

structures

hyaline, replace

______ occurs differently in cartilage than

in membrane

Ossification

What are the 2 types of ossification? 

Intramembranous, endochondral 

How does intramembranous ossification occur and where?

fibrous membrane, skull and clavicles

How does endochondral ossification occur and where?

replaces hyaline cartilage, all bones below skull

In fetal development, what type of ossification occurs in the skull and clavicles?

Intramembranous ossification

Osteoblasts _____ matrix and osteoclasts ____ matrix.

deposit, resorb

Wolff’s Law

bone growth depends on demand

What are the three fracture classifications?

position, completeness, position

How would you

classify this fracture?

Transverse

How would you

classify this fracture?

Linear

How would you

classify this fracture?

Oblique, nondisplaced

How would you

classify this fracture?

Oblique, displaced

How would you

classify this fracture?

Spiral

How would you

classify this fracture?

Greenstick

How would you

classify this fracture?

Comminuted 

Hematoma

blood collection at fracture 

Osteoporosis underlying problem

osteoclast>osteoblast, resorption>deposition

Osteoporosis main risk

postmenopausal women

Rickets and Osteomalacia underlying problem

insufficient calcium/vitamin D

Rickets occurs in _____, osteomalacia occurs in _____

children, adults

Put the steps

of endochondral ossification into the correct

sequence.

A. Epiphyseal ossification; hyaline cartilage remains at

epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

B. Cartilage calcifies and cavitates

C. Bone collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage

model

D. Periosteal bud invasion and spongy bone formation

E. Elongation of diaphysis and formation of medullary cavity;

secondary ossification of epiphyses

C B D E A

The organic component of bone is

made up of what?

Collagen

What is the main hormone

responsible for bone growth in

childhood?

growth hormone

Bone development during childhood occurs where?

Epiphyseal plate

What hormones beside growth are required in childhood?

thyroid

At puberty, low levels of ______ are responsible for initial growth spurt

estrogen

Certain structures are influenced by different levels of ___ and ____

estrogen testosterone

Describe the stages of fracture repair

hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodels