AP Euro unit 3 (copy)

AP euro unit three terms

secular

secular

Anything that is not religious in its character or purpose.

politiques

Term for those nobles and royal figures who supported religious toleration as a means of restoring domestic peace and strengthening the nation.

sovereignty

The power of a state to govern itself; supreme power or authority.

absolutism

A system of government where all power is in the hands of the ruler.

divine-right

A power or authority that is bestowed by God.

Bourbons

The family that held the throne of France from 1589 until the French Revolution.

Edict of Nantes

1598 royal decree issued by King Henry IV of France that granted religious toleration and control of 200 walled fortified cities to that nation’s Protestant minority.

reign

Period of time during which a monarch rules.

duel

Formal combat with weapons between two people in front of witnesses.

Intendants

French royal governmental officials who took over roles once held by

the French nobility.

bureaucracy

Non-elected governmental officials who keep the machinery of the state functioning.

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 international agreement that ended the Thirty Years’ War. The treaty marked a major defeat of the Habsburg dynasty and the rise of the Bourbon dynasty. It destroyed the Holy Roman Empire.

standing army

A full-time, professional military force composed of career soldiers and conscripts.

regency

A period of government when an appointed figure rules in the name of the monarch due the monarch’s youth, illness, or incapacity.

Fronde

An uprising, led by French nobles, against the growth of absolutism in that nation. It was crushed by the government of Louis XIV.

L’etat c’est moi

Famous declaration by Louis XIV that sums up the role of the absolute monarch. It translates as “I am the state.”

levy

A tax (n) or the authority to collect a tax (v).

aristocratic

Of or pertaining to the nobility.

Edict of Fontainebleau

1685 royal proclamation that ended religious freedoms for French Huguenots and led to the emigration of over 200,000 Protestants.

mercantilism

The dominant economic policy of the 1500s – 1750s, it was based on the formation of self-sufficient national economies. This was achieved by limiting imports through high tariffs, the development of national industries, and the acquisition of colonies. It emphasized the amassing of bullion.

tariff

A tax placed on imported goods to keep out foreign competition.

League of Augsburg

An alliance of nations who feared the growing power of Louis XIV’s France. It was principally led by William of Orange (Netherlands) who went on to become William III (England).

legitimate

Something that is legally based; a child born to a married couple.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713 agreement that ended the War of Spanish Succession. The Bourbon King Phillip V was allowed to remain King of Spain but the treaty was a major defeat for France and Spain.

Gibraltar

Strategic region attached to the bottom of the Iberian Peninsula; it controls the passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

bullion

Precious metals (gold and silver) in bulk form, valued by weight.

Hohenzollern

The dynasty that ruled the German state of Prussia and later ruled the German Empire.

militaristic

An aggressive posture that glorifies the military.

Kaiser

Title held by the ruling monarch of Prussia and later Germany.

General War Commissariat

The Prussian political organization created to direct the affairs of the nation and supervise the bureaucracy.

Junkers

Term that historically refers to the nobility of Prussia.

Sultan

Title held by the ruling monarch of the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Lepanto

Epic 1571 naval battle between the Ottoman Empire and Christian forces led by Spain that changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean Sea and began the gradual decline of the Ottomans.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman military force, at first composed of Christian-born captives; it was the first standing army in the history of Europe.

“sick man of Europe”

Nickname of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800’s and early 1900’s as it slowly declined as an European power.

Mongol Yoke

Term for the brutal 300 year period (1200’s – 1400’s) of Mongol feudal rule over Russia. It left strong Asian influences on Russian culture.

Tsar

Title held by the ruling monarch of Russia.

autocracy

A state governed by a single absolute monarch who holds all power; it is usually associated with Russia.

Boyar

Term that historically refers to the nobility of Russia.

serfs

One of the lower classes, they are rural, agricultural labor who are bound to the land.

Romanov

The dynasty that ruled the state of Russia.

Kremlin

Massive fortress / palace complex in the heart of Moscow that is the traditional center of the Russian government.

St. Petersburg

The city built in the early 1700’s on the Baltic coast by Peter the Great as a new capital city of Russia. It was the capital until the Russian Revolution.

Sejm

The historic parliament of Poland. In the medieval period the, it held the veto power over actions of the government. It led to national paralysis.

constitutional monarchy

AKA limited monarchy, A form of government in which the monarch’s powers are limited by law.

republic(an)

Any government that does not have a crowned monarch as head of state.

stadholder

Title held by the ruling official of a Dutch province, similar to a governor.

East Indies

Geographic region of Southeast Asia that includes Indonesia.

stock market

A business enterprise in which the stocks of different companies are bought, sold, and traded.

merchant marine

A country’s shipping that is involved in trade, rather than military activities.

finished goods

Products that have been produced from raw materials, thus increasing their value.

commercial

A synonym for business.

joint-stock corporation

A business that sell shares to investors who then assume a percentage of risk for a proportional share of any profits.

Magna Carta

Historic 1215 document signed by King John of England that placed limits on the monarch’s powers. It is a foundation of English freedom.

balanced polity

Term that refers to the division of governmental powers between the monarch and the Parliament.

Petition of Right (1628)

A document drafted by the Parliament that restricted the monarch’s power in exchange for a payment of money. King Charles I signed the Petition, accepted the money, and then refused to honor his word.

arbitrary

Something that is done without good reason, randomly.

quartering

In law, is when a government forces people to houses soldiers in their homes without any compensation.

martial law

This is a form of military control that is used to preserve order when a government feels threatened.

renege

To go against a previous agreement, to break a promise.

tyranny

Oppressive, unjust, cruel government.

Eleven Years of Tyranny (1629 – 1640)

Term that refers to the period during which King Charles I ruled England without Parliament. It culminated in the English Civil War.

Long Parliament (1640 – 1660)

Nickname for the Parliament that was seated in 1640 at the end of the Eleven Years’ of Tyranny. It was hostile to King Charles I and met off and on for the next 20 years.

House of Lords

The “upper” house of the English Parliament. Blank is meant to be the voice of the nobility in the government.

House of Commons

The “lower” house of the English Parliament. The blank is meant to represent the common people in the government.

Cavaliers

Nickname for supporters of Charles I during the English Civil War.

charismatic

Possessing a compelling charm that inspires devotion in others.

gentry

An English social class made up of wealthy, land-owning people who are lower than the nobility in status.

Roundheads

Nickname for opponents of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

New Model Army

A military force formed by opponents of the king during the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell became the commander. Many Puritans served in the New Model Army.

regicide

Term for the killing of a ruling monarch.

English Commonwealth (1649 – 1660)

This is the only republic in English history. It was formed after the execution of Charles I and lasted until the restoration of Charles II in 1660.

Lord Protector

The title held by Oliver Cromwell during his leadership of the Commonwealth. He refused to take the title of king.

Levellers

A radical English political movement favored voting rights for all men and even rights for women.

universal manhood suffrage

Political term that means that all adult men have the right to vote.

Rump Parliament

Following the decision to execute Charles I, many former supporters of the fight against the king turned against Cromwell and withdrew from the Parliament leaving only the most radical and Puritan elements. This radical group were nicknamed the “Rump.”

Glorious Revolution (1688)

One of the most important political events in English history, the monarch, King James II, was removed from the throne and replaced by a new monarch chosen by the Parliament. It established the superiority of the Parliament over the monarch in England.

abdicate

The action of a monarch in surrendering their claim to the throne.

Act of Settlement (1701)

A law passed by the English Parliament to ensure that no Catholic could sit on the throne. It stated that if Queen Anne died with no surviving children, the throne would go to the German Hannover dynasty, Protestant cousins of the Stuarts. In 1714, George I was crowned the first Hannover monarch of England.

figurehead

Someone is supposedly the leader of a nation or organization, but who exercises no real authority.

Social Contract Theory

This is a political theory that government’s power is given by the people, not by God. There is an informal agreement between the people and the government.

English Bill of Rights:

Passed in 1689, this document established constitutional monarchy in England, outlining specific rights for Parliament and individuals, limiting the powers of the monarch, and ensuring certain civil liberties.

Stuarts

A royal dynasty that ruled England and Scotland from 1603 to 1714, including monarchs such as James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II. Their reigns were marked by conflicts with Parliament and issues of religion.

Popish Plot

A fabricated conspiracy in 1678, claiming that Catholics were planning to assassinate King Charles II. It led to anti-Catholic hysteria and the execution of several innocent people.

Tories

A political faction in England that emerged in the late 17th century, generally supporting royal authority and the Anglican Church, often in opposition to the Whigs.

Whigs

A political faction that emerged in opposition to the Tories, advocating for parliamentary supremacy and religious tolerance, particularly for Nonconformists and Catholics.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685, known for his restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and for his patronage of the arts.

James II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, whose attempts to promote Catholicism and absolute rule led to his overthrow in the Glorious Revolution.

William III of Orange and Mary II

This king and his wife, who ascended to the English throne in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution, agreed to rule as constitutional monarchs.

Oliver Cromwell

A military and political leader who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658, establishing a republican government.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of governance where a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or legislative body, ensuring a balance between authority and individual rights.

Test Act

A series of English laws that restricted the rights of Catholics and Nonconformists, requiring public officeholders to swear allegiance to the Church of England and reject Catholic doctrines.

Governments of the Netherlands and Poland:

The Dutch Republic was known for its decentralized government and merchant-driven economy, while the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had a unique elective monarchy and a noble-dominated political system.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715, known for his absolute rule, the expansion of French territory, and the establishment of a centralized state, famously declaring "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the state").

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII, he strengthened the central authority of the monarchy in France, reduced the power of the nobility, and played a key role in the Thirty Years' War.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Minister of Finance under Louis XIV, known for his role in developing French economic policies, promoting mercantilism, and enhancing the state's revenue.

Count of Olivares

Gaspar de Guzmán, the _____-Duke of _______, was a chief minister to King Philip IV of Spain, known for his attempts to centralize and reform the Spanish government and military.

War of Spanish Succession

A major European conflict (1701-1714) sparked by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain, leading to a struggle for control of the Spanish throne and the balance of power in Europe.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, known for his extensive reforms aimed at modernizing Russia, expanding its territory, and establishing it as a great European power.