sigma meal skibidi slicers

What is social policy?

a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

characteristics of the lifespan perspective

lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, contextual

what is life expectancy of adults in the US now?

79, upper bound is 122

Define development

the pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the lifespan

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

includes eight stages of human development, throughout whole lifespan, each representing a crisis that must be resolved (discontinuous development)

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world (discontnuous and only focused on childhood)

Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage

birth to 2 years old

Piaget's Theory Preoperational stage

2 to 7 years old

Piaget's Theory Concrete operational stage

7 to 11 years old

Piaget's Theory Formal operational stage

11 through adulthood

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

development reflects the influence of five environmental system

BET Mircosystem

setting in which the individual lives ad help to construct

BET Mesosystem

the relations between microsystems or connections between context

BET Ecosystem

link between a social setting in which the individual has passive role and theory immediate context

BET Macrosystem

the culture in which individual lives

BET Chronosystem

the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course

Meiosis

cell division forming eggs and sperm (or gametes)

Mitosis

the cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus replicates itself into two new cells; each contain the same DNA as the original cell

Fraternal Twins

two eggs fertilized by different sperm create two nonidentical zygotes as genetically similar as ordinary siblings (dizygotic twins)

Identical Twins

a single zygote splits into two genetically identical replicas and become two individuals (monozygotic twins)

Dominant Gene

gene that shows

Recessive Gene

contains its dna but doesnt also show

What infertility?

the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

How long dow couples have to try before they can say they have infertility?

12 months

Genotype

a person's genetic material

Phenotype

how an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable physical and psychological characteristics

What is the most common assisted reproduction technique to help people have babies?

IVF- In Vitro Fertilization

IVF

a process in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish by experts

Methylation

Tiny molecules attach themselves to the outside of gene, making the gene less capable of receiving and responding to biochemical signals from the body

What is cell differentiation?

the process by which dividing cells change their functional or phenotypical type

What is neural migration

the process of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations takes place between 6 and 24 weeks

When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, what stage of prenatal development do we move to?

after germinal period we move to the embryonic period of prenatal development

Blastocyst

the inner mass of cells that develops into the embryo and attaches during germinal period

What is the amnion?

a sac that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

What is a teratogen?

any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes

Stage 1 of Birth

uterine contractions are 15 to 20 mins apart and last up to 1 min (longest stage, 6 to 12 hours)

Stage 2 of Birth

the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal (takes 45 mins to 1 hour and ends when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body)

Stage 3 of Birth

afterbirth: when the placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled (lasting only minutes)

What is the Apgar Scale?

a method for assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

Apgar Scale Measurements

infant's heart rate, respiratory efforts, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability

What is a breech position?

the baby's position in uterus causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge

Cephalocaudal Pattern

developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head, down; Physical growth and differentiation of features gradually work their way down from top to bottom

Proximodistal Pattern

sequences in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities

Frontal Lobe of the Brain

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality and intentionality or purpose

Occipital Lobe of the Brain

function in vision

Temporal Lobe of the Brain

having an active role in hearing, language, processing and memory

Parietal Lobe of the Brain

play an important role in registering spatial location, attention and motor control

Parts of the Neuron

cell body, nucleus, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, terminal button

cell body

contains genetic information, maintains the neuron's. structure and provides energy to drive activities

nucleus

responsible for cell function and regulation

axon

the transmitting part of the neuron. After intation, action potentials travel down axons to cause release of neurotransmitters

dendrites

the receiving part of the neuron. receives synaptic inputs from axons

myelin sheath

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

terminal button

sending the signal on to other neurons

What is the most common sleep-related problem in infants

night-time waking, factors include maternal depression, early solid foods, screen time and child care attendance. sleep related problems affect 15 to 25% of infants

How should babies be put to sleep to avoid SIDS?

sleeping in bedroom with a fan and on their backs

Gross Motor Skills

involves large muscle activities such as walking

Fine Motor Skills

involves more fine tuned movements, such as finger dexterity

Palmer Grasp

grasping with the whole hand

Pincer Grip

grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger

Perceptual

motor coupling is necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping

Reflexes

built- in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, generally seen as automatic and beyond the newborn's control

Rooting Reflex

occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked, or the side of the mouth is touched, the infant turns his or her head to find something to suck

Sucking Reflex

occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth, enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food, serves as a self-soothing mechanism

Moro Reflex

a neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement, the infant throws the head back, flings out arms and legs sand arches the back hen contracts these movements, believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling

Grasping Reflex

occurs when something touches the infant's palms, responds by grasping tightly

According to Piaget, what is a symbol?

an internalized sensory image or word the represents an event

When is the sensorimotor stage of development?

birth to about 2 years old

What is object permanence?

an understanding that objects and events continue to exist

Implicit Memory

memory without conscious recollection, memories of skills and routines procedures that are performed automatically

Explicit Memory

conscious remembering of facts and experiences, maturation of the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, specifically in the frontal lobes, make explicit memory possible

Units of Language

Infinite generativity, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

infinite generativity

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

phonology

the sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined

morphology

unit of meaning involved in word formation

syntax

the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

semantics

the meaning of words and sentences

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

What is receptive vocabulary

the collection of words that is understood by an individual

spoken vocabulary

the collection of words a person uses and understands when speaking

What is a vocabulary spurt

a rapid acceleration of the pace at which toddlers add new words to their productive vocabulary

When does a vocabulary spurt occur?

begins at approximately 18 months

When can infants recognize the self in a mirror?

between the ages of 18 months and 2 years old

Self-Concious Emotions

requires self-awareness, especially consciousness and sense of "me", jealous, empathy and embarrssment

when do self-conscious emotions first occur?

4 months to 1 years old

What is a social smile?

a smile in response to an external stimulus; occurs as early as 2 months old, typically in respond to a face and can have a powerful impact on caregivers

When does fear of strangers peak in infants?

appears during the second half of their first year of life

What is temperament?

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions and characteristic ways of responding

Chess and Thomas' Classification

easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child

easy child

generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences, 40%

difficult child

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept change, 10%

slow-to-warm-up child

has low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood, 15%

Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition

focuses on differences between a shy, subdued, timid child - an inhibited child- and the sociable, extraverted, boldly

Rothbart and Bates' Classification

extraversion/surgency includes approach, pleasure, activity, these children are easily distressed

Attachment

a close emotional bond between two people

Freud Attachment

infants become attached to the person who provides oral statisfaction

Harlow Attachement

contact comfort is preferred over food

Erikson Attachment

trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care

Bowlby's Phase 1 of Attachment

infants direct their attachment to humans and figures (from birth to 2 months)

Bowlby's Phase 2 of Attachment

attachment becomes focused on one figure, primary caregiver (from 2 to 7 months)