AP Bio ch 3, water!

Cohesion

Water molecules sticking to themselves due to hydrogen bonding.

Adhesion

Water molecules sticking to another substance, assisting in movement within plants.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat that must be gained or lost for 1g of a substance to change by 1ºC.

Heat of Evaporation

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb to transition from liquid to gas state.

Hydration Shells

Molecules surrounded and attached to water in an aqueous solution.

Acid

A substance that donates H+ ions to a solution, resulting in more H+ than OH-.

Base

A substance that reduces H+ concentration by accepting hydrogen ions, resulting in more OH-.

pH Scale

A scale measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

Buffers

Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution.

Hydronium Ion (H3O+)

Formed when an H+ proton bonds to another water molecule.

Hydroxide Ion (OH-)

The ion formed when a water molecule loses a proton, carrying a -1 charge.

Molarity

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Calorie

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC.

Emergent Properties of Water

Unique properties such as cohesion, adhesion, temperature moderation, and solvent capabilities.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons, resulting in polarity in molecules.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and can form hydration shells.

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not mix with water, such as oils.

Neutral Solution

A solution where the concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal.

Caloric Requirement

Refers to the significant energy required for water to change its temperature.

Lattice Structure of Ice

Formed when water molecules bond in a stable structure making ice less dense than liquid water.